Your Privacy

By accessing this website, you acknowledge that Edmunds and its third-party business partners may use cookies, pixels, and similar technologies to collect information about you and your interactions with the website as described in our Privacy Statement; and you agree that your use of the website is subject to our Visitor Agreement.
Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
1,087 listings
  • $42,900
    good price
    $2,285 below market
    • 1,776 miles
    • No accidents, personal use only
    • 5 Seats
    • Nalley BMW of Decatur (95 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Decatur, GA / 95 miles away from Columbus, GA

    RECALL NOTICE: Some vehicles offered for sale may be subject to unrepaired manufacturer safety recalls. To determine the recall status of a vehicle, v...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBX73EF08S5106375
    Stock: NBDL250188
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 01-22-2025

  • Price Drop
    $53,644
    good price
    $2,667 below market
    • 7,535 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats
    • BMW of Tampa (346 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Tampa, FL / 346 miles away from Columbus, GA

    LOADED WITH $7,350 IN FACTORY OPTIONS: M SPORT PROFESSIONAL PACKAGE, DRIVING ASSISTANCE PROFESSIONAL PACKAGE, PREMIUM PACKAGE, 20-INCH WHEELS, ADAPTIV...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBX13EF0XS5144776
    Stock: 9Z92530A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-01-2025

  • New Listing
    $41,900
    good price
    $2,058 below market
    • 7,372 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats
    • Nalley BMW of Decatur (95 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Decatur, GA / 95 miles away from Columbus, GA

    RECALL NOTICE: Some vehicles offered for sale may be subject to unrepaired manufacturer safety recalls. To determine the recall status of a vehicle, v...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBX73EF08S5054813
    Stock: NBDL250139
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-21-2025

  • New Listing
    $42,998
    good price
    $2,568 below market
    • 3,298 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 24 City / 33 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from FL to GA*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Boynton Beach, FL / 510 miles away from Columbus, GA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (24 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBX73EF04S5068935
    Stock: 27323010
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $44,695
    good price
    $1,677 below market
    • 1,804 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 24 City / 33 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Troy, MI / 698 miles away from Columbus, GA

    Apple CarPlay,Automatic Parking,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Hands-Free Liftgate,Heads-Up Display,Heated Seats,Heated Stee...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (24 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBX73EF01S5274553
    Stock: S5274553T
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $43,688
    fair price
    $801 below market
    • 4,566 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats
    • Athens BMW (132 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Athens, GA / 132 miles away from Columbus, GA

    Clean CARFAX.CLEAN CARFAX, X1 xDrive28i, 4D Sport Utility, 2.0L I4 16V TwinPower Turbo, 7-Speed Automatic, AWD, Blue Bay Lagoon Metallic, Oyster Premi...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBX73EF08S5162493
    Stock: S5162493
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-26-2025

  • Price Drop
    $45,937
    good price
    $2,247 below market
    • 4,702 miles
    • No accidents, personal use only
    • 5 Seats
    • BMW of Asheville (246 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Arden, NC / 246 miles away from Columbus, GA

    Great Low Mileage **Xline **Technology and Driving Assistance Plus Packages** Premium Content 1** Backup Camera **Active Blind Spot Detection** Lane D...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBX73EF06S5143196
    Stock: C43196
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 01-23-2025

  • $43,997
    fair price
    $1,081 below market
    • 2,887 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 24 City / 33 Hwy MPG
    • Exclusive Auto Wholesale (117 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Pelham, AL / 117 miles away from Columbus, GA

    Clean CARFAX, 1 Owner, Factory Warranty, 2025 BMW X1 xDrive28i, Backup Camera, Navigation, Heated Seats, Heated Steering Wheel, Power Leather Seating,...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (24 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBX73EF09S5190187
    Stock: 190187
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-14-2025

  • $41,990
    good price
    $2,721 below market
    • 1,350 miles
    • No accidents, personal use only
    • 5 Seats
    • BMW of Little Rock (451 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Little Rock, AR / 451 miles away from Columbus, GA

    TIBBFX Jet Black 2025 BMW X1 xDrive28i AWD 7-Speed Automatic 2.0L I4 16V TwinPower TurboRecent Arrival! 24/33 City/Highway MPGBMW of Little Rock is yo...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBX73EF06S5206765
    Stock: S5206765
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 03-01-2025

  • Price Drop
    $53,195
    good price
    $1,364 below market
    • 5,495 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats
    • Germain BMW of Naples (475 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Naples, FL / 475 miles away from Columbus, GA

    Recent Arrival! CARFAX One-Owner. Clean CARFAX. Clean Carfax Report, Low Mileage, BMW CERTIFIED! Includes Unlimited Mileage Factory Warranty at no add...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBX13EF07S5089493
    Stock: D251136A
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 05-07-2025

  • $7,997
    good price
    $739 below market
    • 119,660 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 34 Hwy MPG
    • Dogwood Motors (425 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Multi-Zone Climate C...
    • Auto Climate Control
    Close

    Located in Raleigh, NC / 425 miles away from Columbus, GA

    Check out this 2015 BMW X1! It's one of the most popular models out there, it's a proven value you'll love. Make it yours before it's gone! **EXTEN...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (23 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBAVM1C58FVW58875
    Stock: W58875
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-20-2025

  • Price Drop
    $42,790
    good price
    $2,177 below market
    • 7,490 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Freehold, NJ / 799 miles away from Columbus, GA

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Brake Assist,Hands-Free Liftgate,Heated Seats,Heated Steering Wheel,Navig...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBX73EF0XS5051802
    Stock: S5051802L
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $42,990
    good price
    $1,922 below market
    • 5,456 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Seaside, CA / 2,099 miles away from Columbus, GA

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Hands-Free Liftgate,Heated Seats,Heated Steering W...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBX73EF06S5089379
    Stock: S5089379BR
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $51,790
    good price
    $2,622 below market
    • 2,084 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats
    • Brian Harris BMW (386 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Baton Rouge, LA / 386 miles away from Columbus, GA

    Includes panoramic moonroof, universal garage-door opener, Parking Assistant Plus with Back-up Assistant, surround view with 3D view, interior camera...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBX13EF08S5124137
    Stock: 25B158B
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 02-04-2025

  • $42,780
    good price
    $1,955 below market
    • 4,012 miles
    • No accidents, personal use only
    • 5 Seats
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Minnetonka, MN / 972 miles away from Columbus, GA

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Hands-Free Liftgate,Heated Seats,Heated Steering W...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBX73EF06S5180930
    Stock: S5180930
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $44,030
    good price
    $2,162 below market
    • 6,613 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Minnetonka, MN / 972 miles away from Columbus, GA

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,High Demand,Apple CarPlay,Automatic Parking,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Hands-Free Liftgate,...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBX73EF00S5072867
    Stock: S5072867
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $44,680
    good price
    $1,950 below market
    • 3,643 miles
    • No accidents, personal use only
    • 5 Seats
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Minnetonka, MN / 972 miles away from Columbus, GA

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,Apple CarPlay,Automatic Parking,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Hands-Free Liftgate,Heads-Up Dis...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBX73EF0XS5136722
    Stock: S5136722
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $43,490
    good price
    $2,450 below market
    • 6,292 miles
    • No accidents, personal use only
    • 5 Seats
    • BMW of Little Rock (451 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Little Rock, AR / 451 miles away from Columbus, GA

    2025 BMW X1 xDrive28i Cape York Green MetallicCertified. BMW Certified Pre-Owned Details: * Vehicle History * Warranty Deductible: $0 * Transferable W...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBX73EF0XS5120567
    Stock: S5120567
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 03-31-2025

  • New Listing
    $44,685
    fair price
    $964 below market
    • 1,620 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 24 City / 33 Hwy MPG
    • Jerry Ulm Dodge Chrysler Jeep Ram (350 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Tampa, FL / 350 miles away from Columbus, GA

    Recent Arrival AWD BMW | 2.0L TwinPower Turbo | Loaded w/ Tech & Luxury One Owner | Clean CARFAX | Panoramic Moonroof | Balance of Factory WarrantyExp...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (24 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBX73EF05S5218034
    Stock: C218034
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-22-2025

  • $53,474
    fair price
    $253 below market
    • 1,077 miles
    • No accidents, personal use only
    • 5 Seats
    • BMW of Gainesville (255 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Gainesville, FL / 255 miles away from Columbus, GA

    This BMW X1 is Certified Preowned! This 2025 BMW X1 xDrive28i, has a great Storm Bay Metallic exterior, and a clean Black W/Stitching interior! -Only ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBX73EF09S5209627
    Stock: B209627
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 11-30-2024

  • $44,680
    good price
    $1,553 below market
    • 6,325 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Minnetonka, MN / 972 miles away from Columbus, GA

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,High Demand,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Hands-Free Liftgate,Heated Seats,Heate...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBX73EF05S5077448
    Stock: S5077448
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

Showing 862 - 882 out of 1,087 listings

Consumer Reviews for the BMW X1

Read recent reviews for the BMW X1
Overall Consumer Rating
4.2 out of 5 stars62 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 62 reviews
  • 5 star
    (61%)
  • 4 star
    (19%)
  • 3 star
    (5%)
  • 2 star
    (5%)
  • 1 star
    (10%)
5 out of 5 stars

BMW X1 S

Ken, 01/26/2018
2018 BMW X1 sDrive28i 4dr SUV (2.0L 4cyl Turbo 8A)
I have had my X1 for 2 months and love it. I like driving smaller cars but I wanted easy access and storage. I was debating on going with the CRV or the CX5 however when I compared the refinement and drive there was only one clear choice. I only have a few items I wish BMW would adjust, more safety features available (blind spot), standard LED headlights, add 1/2 inch to an inch to the … seat bottoms, and easier option selections.
Report abuse

Used 2025 BMW X1 in Columbus, GA Values

Estimated values
2025 BMW X1 xDrive28i 4dr SUV AWD (2.0L 4cyl Turbo 7AM) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
OutstandingN/AN/AN/A
CleanN/AN/AN/A
AverageN/AN/AN/A
RoughN/AN/AN/A

The average list price of a used 2025 BMW X1 in Columbus, Georgia is $43,730. The average mileage on a used BMW X1 2025 for sale in Columbus, Georgia is 9,765. Based on the average mileage of 9,765 for used 2025 BMW X1 for sale in Columbus, GA and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used BMW X1 2025 in Columbus, Georgia to be N/A.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius500 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.