Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
116 listings
  • Price Drop
    • 40,784 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 22 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from GA to WA*
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Norcross, GA / 2,180 miles away from Everett, WA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBA7T2C09NCG99129
    Stock: 27609056
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 59,841 miles
    • 2 accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 17 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Atlanta, GA / 2,174 miles away from Everett, WA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (17 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBA7F0C50JGM23400
    Stock: 2003753288
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-09-2025

    • 47,760 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 22 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • Lakeside Auto (6 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Lynnwood, WA / 6 miles away from Everett, WA

    CARFAX AVAILABLE ON DEALER WEBSITE (ALL SALES ARE FINAL, ALL VEHICLES SOLD AS-IS, CUSTOMERS HAVE RIGHT TO REQUEST A PRE BUYER INSPECTION ON DESIRED VE...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBA7T2C06NCG86466
    Stock: G86466
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 10-24-2023

  • New Listing
    • 33,633 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 22 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from NV to WA*
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Reno, NV / 600 miles away from Everett, WA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBA7T2C04NCK36019
    Stock: 27452459
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 35,100 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 17 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Buffalo, NY / 2,107 miles away from Everett, WA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (17 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBA7F0C5XJGM23727
    Stock: 2003852950
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-04-2025

    • 61,917 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 20 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Richmond, VA / 2,334 miles away from Everett, WA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (20 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBA7E4C57JGV24234
    Stock: 2003648513
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-15-2025

  • New Listing
    • 35,767 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, rental vehicle
    • 22 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from TX to WA*
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in San Antonio, TX / 1,787 miles away from Everett, WA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBA7T2C04NCK87178
    Stock: 27375864
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    • 37,186 miles
    • 1 accident, 3 owners, personal use
    • 17 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Phoenix, AZ / 1,125 miles away from Everett, WA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (17 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBA7F0C56JGM22509
    Stock: 2003771217
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-07-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 47,346 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 17 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Birmingham, AL / 2,079 miles away from Everett, WA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (17 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBA7F0C55JGM24011
    Stock: 2003658357
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-30-2025

  • New Listing
    • 16,439 miles
    • 16 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from NJ to WA*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Edison, NJ / 2,384 miles away from Everett, WA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBA7F2C57JG423518
    Stock: 27460987
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 27,649 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 17 City / 24 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Sacramento, CA / 655 miles away from Everett, WA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBA7U2C07NCH42671
    Stock: 2003699639
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-23-2025

    • 76,974 miles
    • Issue reported, 5 owners, personal use
    • 16 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Hampton, VA / 2,413 miles away from Everett, WA

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,Back-Up Camera,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Hands-Free Liftgate,Heated Seats,Keyless Start,Leather Seats,Navigation System,Prem...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Issue reported

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBA7F2C59JB238691
    Stock: JB238691T
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 87,434 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 13 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • Los Muñoz Auto Sales (31 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Burien, WA / 31 miles away from Everett, WA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (13 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBA7H6C51JG614689
    Stock: 2848
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-06-2025

  • $90,000
    good price
    $6,376 below market
    • 17,574 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 18 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Jake Sweeney Express (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Cincinnati, OH / 1,959 miles away from Everett, WA

    ONE OF A KIND, HYPER LOADED M SPORT PRO W/ REAR EXECUTIVE LOUNGE SEATING, BMW THEATER, LUXURY REAR SEATING PACK, EXEC PACK, DRIVING ASSIST PRO, BOWERS...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBA33EJ00PCL42814
    Stock: B77169
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-21-2025

  • Price Drop
    $20,985
    good price
    $2,752 below market
    • 78,694 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use
    • 21 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • Supreme Motors (40 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Auburn, WA / 40 miles away from Everett, WA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (21 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBA7E2C30HG741041
    Stock: 25381
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-10-2025

  • Price Drop
    $78,990
    fair price
    $1,594 below market
    • 21,832 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 18 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Memphis, TN / 1,872 miles away from Everett, WA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBA33EJ07PCL55852
    Stock: 2003760658
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-21-2025

  • $16,450
    good price
    $791 below market
    • 100,331 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 16 City / 24 Hwy MPG
    • Sunset Cars Select (41 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Auburn, WA / 41 miles away from Everett, WA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBAYF8C54FD655039
    Stock: 7122
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    • 24,448 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 25 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from FL to WA*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Tampa, FL / 2,522 miles away from Everett, WA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (25 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBA23EH03PCM22271
    Stock: 27605739
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $15,899
    fair price
    $1,003 below market
    • 83,310 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 19 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • Beaverton Kia (171 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Beaverton, OR / 171 miles away from Everett, WA

    Dark Graphite 2015 BMW 7 Series 740Li RWD 8-Speed Automatic 3.0L I6 DOHC 24V TwinPower Turbo 19/29 City/Highway MPG Experience the better way. Work wi...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (19 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBAYE4C5XFD947158
    Stock: K24770A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-21-2025

  • $65,990
    fair price
    $605 below market
    • 51,213 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 18 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Seaside, CA / 781 miles away from Everett, WA

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,CarFax 1-Owner,High Demand,Apple CarPlay,Automatic Parking,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Hands...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBA33EJ0XPCL55893
    Stock: PCL55893BCL
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $72,990
    fair price
    $895 above market
    • 37,647 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 18 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Freehold, NJ / 2,397 miles away from Everett, WA

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,CarFax 1-Owner,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Brake Assist,Hands-Free Liftgate,Heated Seats,Heated Steer...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBA33EJ07PCM22322
    Stock: SCV24565T
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

Showing 43 - 63 out of 116 listings

Consumer Reviews for the BMW 7 Series

Read recent reviews for the BMW 7 Series
Overall Consumer Rating
4.7 out of 5 stars29 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 29 reviews
  • 5 star
    (86%)
  • 4 star
    (7%)
  • 3 star
    (3%)
  • 2 star
    (0%)
  • 1 star
    (3%)
5 out of 5 stars

Hot, big, powerful, fun car

Alan, 02/26/2019
2019 BMW 7 Series 750i 4dr Sedan (4.4L 8cyl Turbo 8A)
This is my second BMW 750i. The previous model was a 2015 and my current model is a 2018 with the M design package. All black exterior with zero chrome and brown interior - what's not to like! Both cars have been completely reliable and the local dealer's service is outstanding. This seems to be the general culture of BMW dealers. I also have a 2017 Range Rover and I sometimes have to … wait for weeks for a service appointment and the cost of servicing that car is horrendous. So far as my Beemer is concerned - Pros: fantastic power from the V8 twin turbo engine. The handling has various settings. I have seen reviews where it is mentioned that the car lacks the road feel of the older models. The answer to this is to switch to Sports Mode and the ride becomes harder and the car feels like it is rocket-powered. What more would you need in a large, superbly appointed sedan? Cons: I can't really think of any, although my wife complains that the front should have more cubby holes and storage. My 2015 car had the regular wheelbase and the 2018 is the long one. There is so much space in the back that guests and friends often mention that they feel they are traveling in a limo. The front also has plenty of space and comfort and the material quality is outstanding. The car has tons of user technology, but after the first couple of weeks, I really only use the basics - climate, comfort/sport settings and audio. My 2015 model had electric blinds on the rear and rear-side windows, which were outstanding for here in S. Florida. My current model only has the rear blind and I feel that for this kind of money, the sides should be standard too. I will probably go for another 750i next time, but will also check out the Mercedes S Class, like I did last time.
Report abuse

Used 2022 BMW 7 Series in Everett, WA Values

Estimated values
2022 BMW 7 Series 740i 4dr Sedan (3.0L 6cyl Turbo 8A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$40,412$43,248$46,222
Clean$39,708$42,405$45,225
Average$38,536$40,999$43,564
Rough$37,012$39,173$41,405

The average list price of a used 2022 BMW 7 Series in Everett, Washington is $45,736. The average mileage on a used BMW 7 Series 2022 for sale in Everett, Washington is 48,709. Based on the average mileage of 48,709 for used 2022 BMW 7 Series for sale in Everett, WA and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used BMW 7 Series 2022 in Everett, Washington to be $38,536.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius200 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

EV Details

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.