Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
782 listings
    • 56,769 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 17 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Number 1 Car Company (135 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Third-row seating
    Close

    Located in Detroit, MI / 135 miles away from Grand Rapids, MI

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3C4PDCEG6KT716823
    Stock: 716823
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-03-2024

    • 90,695 miles
    • Frame damage reported, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 19 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Lou Bachrodt Chevrolet Buick GMC (176 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Third-row seating
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Rockford, IL / 176 miles away from Grand Rapids, MI

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Issue reported

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: Yes

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3C4PDCBB6KT873633
    Stock: P1514
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-30-2025

    • 107,425 miles
    • Frame damage reported, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 19 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Quick Auto Hammond (133 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Third-row seating
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Hammond, IN / 133 miles away from Grand Rapids, MI

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Issue reported

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: Yes

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3C4PDCBB1KT862300
    Stock: 862300
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-13-2025

  • Selling or trading in?

    Know what your car is worth while you shop for your next vehicle.

    See my car’s value
  • New Listing
    • 101,821 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 19 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Loves Park Auto (179 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Third-row seating
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Loves Park, IL / 179 miles away from Grand Rapids, MI

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3C4PDCGB8KT869219
    Stock: 869219
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-09-2025

    • 118,795 miles
    • 1 accident, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 16 City / 24 Hwy MPG
    • Wheels Of Chicago (122 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Chicago, IL / 122 miles away from Grand Rapids, MI

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3C4PDDEG9KT785155
    Stock: 207191
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-07-2025

    • 101,393 miles
    • Frame damage reported, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 19 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Wheels Of Chicago (122 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Third-row seating
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Chicago, IL / 122 miles away from Grand Rapids, MI

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Issue reported

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: Yes

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3C4PDCBB1KT844797
    Stock: 207207
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-29-2025

  • New Listing
    • 63,922 miles
    • Frame damage reported, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 16 City / 24 Hwy MPG
    • Dave White Auto Credit (132 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Sylvania, OH / 132 miles away from Grand Rapids, MI

    Give us a Call At Dave White Auto credit Maumee 419-794-4600Sylvania 419-882-8736

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Issue reported

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: Yes

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3C4PDDEG9HT583554
    Stock: CC5398
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 10-04-2023

    • 71,374 miles
    • 2 accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 17 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Superior Auto (138 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Third-row seating
    Close

    Located in Maumee, OH / 138 miles away from Grand Rapids, MI

    The 2019 Dodge Journey GT in crisp white is the perfect companion for those who balance family duties with weekend adventures. Its spirited 3.6L V-6 e...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3C4PDCEG2KT717158
    Stock: 237911
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-26-2025

    • 115,685 miles
    • Frame damage reported, 4 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 16 City / 24 Hwy MPG
    • Instant Auto Finance (87 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Elkhart, IN / 87 miles away from Grand Rapids, MI

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Issue reported

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: Yes

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3C4PDDEG0KT687468
    Stock: 2025997
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-09-2025

    • 93,906 miles
    • 1 accident, 4 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 19 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Instant Auto Finance Mishawaka (93 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Third-row seating
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Mishawaka, IN / 93 miles away from Grand Rapids, MI

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3C4PDCBB7KT821170
    Stock: 2025849
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-11-2025

  • Price Drop
    $5,995
    great price
    $2,126 below market
    • 137,519 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 19 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Dick Scott Motormall (83 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Third-row seating
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Fowlerville, MI / 83 miles away from Grand Rapids, MI

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3C4PDCAB5JT363855
    Stock: P8047
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 12-25-2024

    • 94,272 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 19 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Auto Credit USA (128 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Third-row seating
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Fort Wayne, IN / 128 miles away from Grand Rapids, MI

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3C4PDCBB6KT867198
    Stock: TJ104
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 01-14-2025

  • $9,816
    good price
    $2,650 below market
    • 84,562 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 19 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Michael Bates Chevrolet (135 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Third-row seating
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Woodhaven, MI / 135 miles away from Grand Rapids, MI

    Clean CARFAX. 2018 Dodge Journey SE Pitch Black Clearcoat 2.4L I4 DOHC 16V Dual VVT BLUE TOOTH/HANDSFREE, 3RD ROW/8 PASSENGER, CLEAN TITLE NO ACCIDENT...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3C4PDCAB8JT322782
    Stock: 50221CA
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-18-2025

  • $9,977
    good price
    $2,746 below market
    • 87,220 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 16 City / 24 Hwy MPG
    • Your Choice Auto Sales of Joliet (159 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Third-row seating
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Joliet, IL / 159 miles away from Grand Rapids, MI

    This 2018 Dodge Journey SE is a practical and spacious midsize SUV, perfect for families and individuals seeking versatility and comfort. With its sol...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3C4PDDAG1JT477482
    Stock: JYC-477482
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-26-2024

  • Price Drop
    • 143,000 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 19 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • LaRusso Auto Group (193 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Third-row seating
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Anderson, IN / 193 miles away from Grand Rapids, MI

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3C4PDCAB5JT257471
    Stock: 257471
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-19-2025

  • New Listing
    • 38,114 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 19 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Third-row seating
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Dallas, TX / 925 miles away from Grand Rapids, MI

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3C4PDCAB4LT237554
    Stock: 2003680152
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-28-2025

  • $12,995
    great price
    $1,274 below market
    • 64,943 miles
    • No accidents, 5 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 16 City / 24 Hwy MPG
    • Xtreme Auto Sales (114 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Auburn, IN / 114 miles away from Grand Rapids, MI

    2018 Dodge Journey GT AWD 4D SUV 3.6 6cyl. Gasoline Back-Up Camera Leather Rear Parking Aid Value Added Options - Standard 3rd Row Seat Auxiliary Audi...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3C4PDDEG3JT296362
    Stock: 20190
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-07-2025

  • New Listing
    • 36,592 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 19 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from TX to MI*
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Third-row seating
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Fort Worth, TX / 954 miles away from Grand Rapids, MI

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3C4PDCAB6JT167469
    Stock: 26623184
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $9,277
    good price
    $1,417 below market
    • 98,083 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 19 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Your Choice Auto Sales of Joliet (159 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Third-row seating
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Joliet, IL / 159 miles away from Grand Rapids, MI

    The 1 Owner 2018 Dodge Journey SE 4dr SUV is a midsize crossover with a range of features aimed at practicality and comfort. Here’s an overview of its...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3C4PDCABXJT506749
    Stock: JYC-506749
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 10-13-2024

  • Price Drop
    $13,995
    good price
    $2,166 below market
    • 68,680 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, rental vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 19 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Third-row seating
    Close

    Located in Ramsey, NJ / 605 miles away from Grand Rapids, MI

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,Rare Find,3rd Row Seat,Back-Up Camera,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Keyless Start,Leather Seats,Satellite Radio,Sunroof / Moonro...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3C4PDCGB0LT201576
    Stock: T25917P
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $14,656
    good price
    $1,326 below market
    • 79,472 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 19 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Lakeshore Chrysler Jeep Dodge Ram (50 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Third-row seating
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Parking sensors
    Close

    Located in Montague, MI / 50 miles away from Grand Rapids, MI

    One Owner Clean CARFAX 2020 Dodge Journey SE in Granite Crystal Metallic Clearcoat with just under 80,000 miles on the odometer. Features 2.4L I4, rec...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3C4PDCAB0LT214062
    Stock: T4-6107
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 04-16-2025

Showing 169 - 189 out of 782 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Dodge Journey

Read recent reviews for the Dodge Journey
Overall Consumer Rating
4 out of 5 stars42 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 42 reviews
  • 5 star
    (57%)
  • 4 star
    (19%)
  • 3 star
    (7%)
  • 2 star
    (5%)
  • 1 star
    (12%)
5 out of 5 stars

Tired of All the Negative Press!

Nails, 01/09/2019
2018 Dodge Journey SXT 4dr SUV AWD (3.6L 6cyl 6A)
When you look at a vehicle in this class you are looking for okay looks, good inside room and access, decent handling and gas mileage, and perhaps throw in the third seat. This Medium Sized SUV has all of that, and my three previous Journeys had been very reliable and needed minimal maintenance until I turned each in, at around 70K miles. I must add that the first iteration had some … issues with the brakes wearing out prematurely, and not being quite up to the task of stopping this vehicle. The transmission also failed catastrophically at 50K, but was replaced under warranty by Dodge with no questions asked. Since that initial stab at it, Dodge has done major improvements in enlarging the disc brakes and creating a much more dependable transmission! This car is priced right, looks great in the bright red finish, has AWD and I am leaving most other drivers in the dust when I take off from a start or need to speed up at highway speeds (within reason that is!). I usually drive around 25K miles per year, up to 85 miles MPH and this car is stable even in substantial winds, gets a bit over 21 MPG and I am happy with it. No backup camera in my version, which is a company car, but aside from that inconvenience, it has everything that I need. And the Stereo is really something to hear, great bass. All in all, a very nice package and not one that matches the online reviews that I have seen. Let's get realistic and realize that this car is very popular (at least in car happy SoCal!) and is a great deal!
Report abuse

Used 2019 Dodge Journey in Grand Rapids, MI Values

Estimated values
2019 Dodge Journey GT 4dr SUV (3.6L 6cyl 6A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$9,074$12,168$14,932
Clean$8,758$11,731$14,381
Average$8,230$11,003$13,462
Rough$7,544$10,056$12,267

The average list price of a used 2019 Dodge Journey in Grand Rapids, Michigan is $13,183. The average mileage on a used Dodge Journey 2019 for sale in Grand Rapids, Michigan is 88,297. Based on the average mileage of 88,297 for used 2019 Dodge Journey for sale in Grand Rapids, MI and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Dodge Journey 2019 in Grand Rapids, Michigan to be $8,230.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius200 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.