Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
808 listings
  • $40,000
    great price
    $3,730 below market
    • 132,055 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 8'2” bed, 6.6l, 8cyl
    • Don Mealey Chevrolet (334 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Clermont, FL / 334 miles away from Columbus, GA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GC4K0EY0JF151929
    Stock: TJF151929
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-12-2025

  • New Listing
    $31,999
    good price
    $3,124 below market
    • 57,078 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use
    • 8'2” bed, 6l, 8cyl
    • D'NX Motors (466 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Trip Computer
    • Rear Bench Seats
    Close

    Located in Forest, VA / 466 miles away from Columbus, GA

    For even more great pictures of our inventory, please visit us @ http://DnxMotorSales.com. DNX is one of the Most Competitive Dealers in our area, an...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GC4KYCG3JF188093
    Stock: 4218
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $39,221
    good price
    $2,863 below market
    • 122,083 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 6'7” bed, 6.6l, 8cyl
    • Wes Haney Chevrolet (190 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Live Oak, FL / 190 miles away from Columbus, GA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GC4K0CY5JF214686
    Stock: 25234A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-24-2025

    • 60,160 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 8'2” bed, 6.6l, 8cyl
    • Southeastern Honda (400 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Palm Bay, FL / 400 miles away from Columbus, GA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GC4K0CY7JF132622
    Stock: H48886A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-18-2025

  • Advertisement
    Also Consider

    5 Offers Nearby

    2025 Chevrolet Silverado 3500HD
    $45,300
    starting MSRP
    • 5 Colors
    • 2 Trims
    • 8 Packages
    View Offers 
    *The Manufacturer's Suggested Retail Price excludes destination freight charge, tax, title, license, dealer fees and optional equipment. Click here to see all Chevrolet vehicles' destination freight charges. Dealer sets the final price.
    • 130,782 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • Real Steal Auto Sales (289 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Gastonia, NC / 289 miles away from Columbus, GA

    Full price of the vehicle is listed up at $45,995 for financing purposes (excludes tag tax & title) Cash and outside financing accepted ***Suggested D...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GC4K0EY1JF291259
    Stock: 11042
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-22-2025

  • New Listing
    • 37,754 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 8'2” bed, 6l, 8cyl
    • Susan Schein Automotive (122 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Pelham, AL / 122 miles away from Columbus, GA

    This Graphite Metallic 2018 Chevrolet Silverado 3500HD would be a welcomed addition to your family or business. It comes well-equipped with: 10 Driver...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GC4K0CGXJF280948
    Stock: 280948-P
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-17-2025

    • 183,313 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 8'2” bed, 6l, 8cyl
    • Herlong Chevrolet (222 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Trip Computer
    • Rear Bench Seats
    Close

    Located in Batesburg-Leesville, SC / 222 miles away from Columbus, GA

    Chevrolet MyLink with Color Touch Screen, Premium Audio, Teen Driver Safety Technology, Backup Camera, Keyless Entry, Power Heated Mirrors, 18 Inch Al...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GC4KYCG6JF117518
    Stock: U543
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 01-20-2024

    • 106,378 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 8'2” bed, 6.6l, 8cyl
    • U-J Chevrolet (228 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Mobile, AL / 228 miles away from Columbus, GA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GC4K1EY2JF171721
    Stock: 9640
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-02-2025

  • Advertisement
    Also Consider

    5 Offers Nearby

    2025 Chevrolet Silverado 3500HD
    $45,300
    starting MSRP
    • 5 Colors
    • 2 Trims
    • 8 Packages
    View Offers 
    *The Manufacturer's Suggested Retail Price excludes destination freight charge, tax, title, license, dealer fees and optional equipment. Click here to see all Chevrolet vehicles' destination freight charges. Dealer sets the final price.
  • Stock photo**
    • 99,947 miles
    • No accidents, personal use only
    • 8'2” bed, 6l, 8cyl
    • City Auto Memphis (340 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Trip Computer
    • Rear Bench Seats
    Close

    Located in Memphis, TN / 340 miles away from Columbus, GA

    Vehicle DetailsRev up your workday with this powerhouse of a truck: the 2018 Chevrolet Silverado 3500 Work Truck! This rugged beast is built t...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GC4KYCG7JF278122
    Stock: 510379
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-22-2025

    • 104,925 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 8'2” bed, 6.6l, 8cyl
    • Shelbyville Auto Sales (227 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Shelbyville, TN / 227 miles away from Columbus, GA

    NICE TRUCK...1 OWNER...GREAT TIRES...4WD...STEP BARS...TRAILER BRAKES...THIS TRUCK IS POWERED BY A LONG LASTING 6.6 DURAMAX TURBO DIESEL...72 MONTHS F...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: Yes

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GC4KZCY4JF215865
    Stock: 9309
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    Stock photo**
    $49,840
    great price
    $4,107 below market
    • 58,822 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 8'2” bed, 6.6l, 8cyl
    • Wes Haney Chevrolet (190 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Live Oak, FL / 190 miles away from Columbus, GA

    CARFAX One-Owner. Recent Arrival! Graphite Metallic 2019 Chevrolet Silverado 3500HD LTZ Duramax 6.6L V8 Turbodiesel Allison 1000 6-Speed Automatic 4WD...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GC4KXEY3KF184935
    Stock: 25228A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-28-2025

  • Stock photo**
    $39,900
    good price
    $3,202 below market
    • 109,542 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 8'2” bed, 6.6l, 8cyl
    • Lowery Brothers Motors (137 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Boaz, AL / 137 miles away from Columbus, GA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GC4K0EY6HF229608
    Stock: 229608-W
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-24-2025

  • Advertisement
    Also Consider

    5 Offers Nearby

    2025 Chevrolet Silverado 3500HD
    $45,300
    starting MSRP
    • 5 Colors
    • 2 Trims
    • 8 Packages
    View Offers 
    *The Manufacturer's Suggested Retail Price excludes destination freight charge, tax, title, license, dealer fees and optional equipment. Click here to see all Chevrolet vehicles' destination freight charges. Dealer sets the final price.
  • $38,900
    good price
    $905 below market
    • 167,974 miles
    • No accidents, 4 owners, personal use only
    • 8'2” bed, 6.6l, 8cyl
    • Marine Chevrolet (463 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Jacksonville, NC / 463 miles away from Columbus, GA

    Clean CARFAX. Summit White 2019 Chevrolet Silverado 3500HD LTZ 4WD Allison 1000 6-Speed Automatic Duramax 6.6L V8 Turbodiesel Silverado 3500HD LTZ, 4D...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GC4KXEY7KF180550
    Stock: ST1745AT
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-29-2025

  • New Listing
    $47,990
    fair price
    $617 above market
    • 86,384 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 6'7” bed, 6.6l, 8cyl
    • Carvana - Charlotte (304 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Charlotte, NC / 304 miles away from Columbus, GA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GC4K0EY5HF193815
    Stock: 2003683946
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-27-2025

  • Price Drop
    $49,500
    fair price
    $745 above market
    • 51,469 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 6'7” bed, 6.6l, 8cyl
    • Glenn Chevrolet (408 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Eminence, KY / 408 miles away from Columbus, GA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GC4K0CY6HF237209
    Stock: PU1378
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-16-2025

    • 117,493 miles
    • 1 accident, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 6'7” bed, 6.6l, 8cyl
    • Bob Mills Chevrolet (319 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Darlington, SC / 319 miles away from Columbus, GA

    Deep Ocean Blue Metallic 2019 Chevrolet Silverado 3500HD High Country 4WD Allison 1000 6-Speed Automatic Duramax 6.6L V8 Turbodiesel Allison 1000 6-Sp...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GC4KYEY2KF104529
    Stock: CU1656
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-14-2025

  • Advertisement
    Also Consider

    5 Offers Nearby

    2025 Chevrolet Silverado 3500HD
    $45,300
    starting MSRP
    • 5 Colors
    • 2 Trims
    • 8 Packages
    View Offers 
    *The Manufacturer's Suggested Retail Price excludes destination freight charge, tax, title, license, dealer fees and optional equipment. Click here to see all Chevrolet vehicles' destination freight charges. Dealer sets the final price.
  • New Listing
    $47,858
    fair price
    $773 above market
    • 102,126 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 8'2” bed, 6.6l, 8cyl
    • AutoNation Hyundai Mall of Georgia (124 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Buford, GA / 124 miles away from Columbus, GA

    Duramax Plus PackageCustom Sport EditionLtz Plus PackageLpo; Assist Steps - 6" Chromed RectangularSeating; Heated And Vented Perforated Leather-Ap...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GC4KXCY3KF127430
    Stock: KF127430
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-02-2025

  • $37,995
    fair price
    $342 below market
    • 149,825 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 8'2” bed, 6.6l, 8cyl
    • West Chevrolet (239 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Alcoa, TN / 239 miles away from Columbus, GA

    Summit White 2017 Chevrolet Silverado 3500HD 4D Crew Cab LTZ 4WD Allison 1000 6-Speed Automatic Duramax 6.6L V8 Turbodiesel**REAR BACK UP CAMERA**, **...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GC4K0EY0HF185802
    Stock: P1924
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-16-2025

    • 174,359 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 6'7” bed, 6.6l, 8cyl
    • Countryside Pre-Owned Super Center (81 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Jackson, GA / 81 miles away from Columbus, GA

    Vehicle DetailsDiscover the power and capability of the 2017 Chevrolet Silverado 3500 LTZ, a robust pickup designed to handle your toughest jo...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GC4K0EYXHF100366
    Stock: 3P557C
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-25-2025

    • 60,465 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use
    • 6'7” bed, 6.6l, 8cyl
    • CarMax Southlake (84 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Stockbridge, GA / 84 miles away from Columbus, GA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GC4KXCY0KF189688
    Stock: 26274353
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 38,575 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 8'2” bed, 6.6l, 8cyl
    • CarMax Clermont (334 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Upgraded Engine
    Close

    Located in Clermont, FL / 334 miles away from Columbus, GA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GC4KVCY2KF208021
    Stock: 26257237
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

Showing 1 - 21 out of 808 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Chevrolet Silverado 3500HD

Read recent reviews for the Chevrolet Silverado 3500HD
Overall Consumer Rating
3.6 out of 5 stars16 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 16 reviews
  • 5 star
    (38%)
  • 4 star
    (19%)
  • 3 star
    (25%)
  • 2 star
    (6%)
  • 1 star
    (13%)
3 out of 5 stars

Not worth what I paid!!!

Jonn, 09/08/2015
2015 Chevrolet Silverado 3500HD Work Truck 4dr Crew Cab 4WD LB DRW (6.0L 8cyl 6A)
The truck has a bad problem with the electronic system and the dealership is not helpful when I have problems with this truck. I have also had problems with the truck with the front-end vibration. I have always been a Chevy man (I own 13) and I'm not considering switching if GM doesn't fix this.
Report abuse

Used 2018 Chevrolet Silverado 3500HD in Columbus, GA Values

Estimated values
2018 Chevrolet Silverado 3500HD LTZ 4dr Crew Cab 4WD LB DRW (6.6L 8cyl Turbodiesel 6A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$33,123$35,259$37,016
Clean$32,209$34,275$35,971
Average$30,686$32,635$34,229
Rough$28,706$30,502$31,965

The average list price of a used 2018 Chevrolet Silverado 3500HD in Columbus, Georgia is $42,827. The average mileage on a used Chevrolet Silverado 3500HD 2018 for sale in Columbus, Georgia is 102,453. Based on the average mileage of 102,453 for used 2018 Chevrolet Silverado 3500HD for sale in Columbus, GA and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Chevrolet Silverado 3500HD 2018 in Columbus, Georgia to be $30,686.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius500 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Trim

Truck Details

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.