Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
723 listings
  • Price Drop
    $27,995
    fair price
    $362 above market
    • 87,302 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • TruckJunction (375 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Venice, FL / 375 miles away from Pensacola, FL

    ABOUT THIS VEHICLE RIDE IN STYLE FOR A QUARTER THE PRICE OF NEW. THIS ESV IS 4 WHEEL DRIVE AND HAS EVERY BELL AND WHISTLE AVAILABLE IN 2015. Welcome t...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4UKJ5FR746338
    Stock: 12101
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 01-11-2025

  • Stock photo**
    • 134,000 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • Drive City (294 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Marietta, GA / 294 miles away from Pensacola, FL

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4JKJ1FR240374
    Stock: 1910
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-06-2025

    • 113,393 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 15 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • ALEJANDRO CARS & TRUCKS INC (480 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Houston, TX / 480 miles away from Pensacola, FL

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (15 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4KKJ6HR349888
    Stock: 349888
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $33,464
    fair price
    $499 below market
    • 73,609 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • Classic Cadillac (299 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Atlanta, GA / 299 miles away from Pensacola, FL

    Vehicle DetailsDiscover the epitome of luxury and performance with this 2019 Cadillac Escalade ESV Luxury, now available with advanced All-Whe...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4HKJ0KR326813
    Stock: S29094A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-04-2025

    • 172,088 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • Robbie Davis Motorsports (317 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Monroe, LA / 317 miles away from Pensacola, FL

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4JKJ3FR224127
    Stock: 224127
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-15-2024

  • Price Drop
    • 79,491 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 15 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • Jake Sweeney Express (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Cincinnati, OH / 632 miles away from Pensacola, FL

    Clean CARFAX. Dark Granite Metallic 2017 Cadillac Escalade ESV Platinum Edition 4WD 8-Speed Automatic Vortec 6.2L V8 SIDI 4WD.Jake Sweeney Automotive ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (15 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4KKJ0HR392851
    Stock: Y2730
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-01-2025

  • $29,842
    fair price
    $214 below market
    • 109,325 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, rental vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • Don Franklin Chrysler Dodge Jeep Ram FIAT (485 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Somerset, KY / 485 miles away from Pensacola, FL

    2019 Cadillac 4WD Escalade ESV Premium Radiant Silver Metallic

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4JKJ7KR186959
    Stock: KR186959
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-18-2025

  • Stock photo**
    $19,980
    fair price
    $702 above market
    • 138,898 miles
    • No accidents, 4 owners, rental vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 15 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • Fairey Chevrolet (436 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Orangeburg, SC / 436 miles away from Pensacola, FL

    All of our inventory has undergone a rigorous inspection and reconditioning process. Our inventory changes daily so please call or email to confirm...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (15 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS3HKJ3HR224773
    Stock: 17888B
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-13-2025

  • New Listing
    $25,500
    fair price
    $376 above market
    • 111,529 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 15 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • Ignition Exotics (344 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Jacksonville, FL / 344 miles away from Pensacola, FL

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (15 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4JKJ2HR267649
    Stock: 267649W
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $29,971
    fair price
    $57 above market
    • 110,165 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 15 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • Bill Cramer Cadillac (98 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Panama City, FL / 98 miles away from Pensacola, FL

    3rd Row Seat, DVD Entertainment System, Heated Leather Seats, Sunroof, Navigation, 4x4, Captains Chairs, Trailer Hitch, WHEELS, 22" X 9" (55.9 CM X 22...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (15 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4KKJ3HR368477
    Stock: 25407900
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-10-2025

    • 73,499 miles
    • Frame damage reported, 4 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 15 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • Driveline LLC (344 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Jacksonville, FL / 344 miles away from Pensacola, FL

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Issue reported

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: Yes

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (15 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS3SKJ7FR533835
    Stock: 6102968
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    Stock photo**
    $25,377
    fair price
    $2,160 above market
    • 117,931 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 15 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • Greenway Kia of Rivergate (406 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Madison, TN / 406 miles away from Pensacola, FL

    2017 Cadillac Escalade ESV Premium 4WD.Your Nashville TN Kia Dealer! GreenwayKiaRivergate.com. Call 6**-8**-9*** today for your best deal!** Contactle...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (15 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4JKJ6HR381640
    Stock: HR381640
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-19-2025

  • New Listing
    • 145,980 miles
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • Ocean Drive Motors (333 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Tampa, FL / 333 miles away from Pensacola, FL

    Please note that the listed price does not include the 3K downpayment.-Financing available for ALL credits!-Credit Unions-First time buyers-Fair, bad,...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4HKJ3FR219504
    Stock: 219504
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-10-2025

  • $28,991
    fair price
    $770 above market
    • 97,973 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 15 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • Rusty Wallace GMC (463 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Morristown, TN / 463 miles away from Pensacola, FL

    Red Passion Tintcoat 2017 Cadillac Escalade ESV Luxury 4WD 8-Speed Automatic Vortec 6.2L V8 SIDI 4WD, Adaptive suspension, Air Conditioning, Apple Car...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (15 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4HKJ7HR248717
    Stock: 12927M
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-08-2025

  • $21,995
    fair price
    $1,818 above market
    • 134,790 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 8 Seats, 15 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • Car Zone USA (321 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in West Monroe, LA / 321 miles away from Pensacola, FL

    CarZoneUSA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (15 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4JKJ7HR209701
    Stock: 209701
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 10-25-2023

  • $18,995
    fair price
    $225 above market
    • 125,261 miles
    • 2 accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 15 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • US Express Auto (305 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Peachtree Corners, GA / 305 miles away from Pensacola, FL

    Accident Avoidance SystemsActive SuspensionAdjustable Lumbar SupportAdjustable PedalsAdjustable SuspensionAir SuspensionAnti-Theft SystemAuto-dimming ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (15 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS3SKJ8FR737706
    Stock: 7463
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-07-2025

    • 161,351 miles
    • 2 accidents, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 15 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • Valerio's Auto Sales (145 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Montgomery, AL / 145 miles away from Pensacola, FL

    Clean TitleVehicle Runs Well

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (15 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS3HKJ1FR264136
    Stock: 264136
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-11-2025

  • $23,995
    fair price
    $1,154 above market
    • 121,802 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • Auto Worx of Livingston (424 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Livingston, TN / 424 miles away from Pensacola, FL

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4TKJ3FR696601
    Stock: 1812
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $30,990
    fair price
    $621 above market
    • 85,754 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 15 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • McElveen Buick GMC (458 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Summerville, SC / 458 miles away from Pensacola, FL

    Crystal White Tricoat 2017 Cadillac Escalade ESV Premium RWD 8-Speed Automatic Vortec 6.2L V8 SIDI 16 Speakers, 3.23 Axle Ratio, 3rd Row DVD Screen, 3...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (15 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS3JKJXHR289823
    Stock: M9373
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-11-2025

    • 87,118 miles
    • 1 accident, 4 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • Jax Exports Inc (343 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Jacksonville, FL / 343 miles away from Pensacola, FL

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4TKJ7FR634201
    Stock: 9555
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 129,287 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 15 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • Integrity Auto (125 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Dothan, AL / 125 miles away from Pensacola, FL

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (15 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS3JKJ9FR301098
    Stock: 301098
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-26-2025

Showing 106 - 126 out of 723 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Cadillac Escalade ESV

Read recent reviews for the Cadillac Escalade ESV
Overall Consumer Rating
2.8 out of 5 stars22 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 22 reviews
  • 5 star
    (32%)
  • 4 star
    (5%)
  • 3 star
    (18%)
  • 2 star
    (5%)
  • 1 star
    (41%)
1 out of 5 stars

Stay Away, Transmission complete garbage

bbtx1987, 10/18/2019
2016 Cadillac Escalade ESV Luxury 4dr SUV 4WD (6.2L 8cyl 8A)
We bought our 2016 Escalade ESV new 3.5 years ago and have been PLAGUED with issues. Drove it off the lot and brought it back within 3 weeks complaining of rough transmission shifting at low speeds, steering wheel vibrations and a whining noise at high speeds. Car always 'within spec' so nothing the dealer could do. If we would of just returned the dang thing. Since then, we've had the … car in over 12 times complaining about the transmission alone. I've also had to have the rear HVAC controls replaced twice for controls not responding and rear seat warmers turning on by themselves, drivers seat replaced for failing controls, steering week column replaced, rear lift gate motor replaced as it died, the battery died and stranded me, rear shocks leaking and replaced at 33k miles, wood paneling replaced from bending out of place, lane assist recalibrated.... And the kicker... all those times I complained about the transmission, I had GUNK in the transmission fluid at 33k miles - that needed replaced. Now we are ditching this hunk of junk for something more reliable given we believe the transmission is faulty and irreversibly damage given we've been complaining since we drove the car off the lot. DO NOT WASTE YOU MONEY, we are pissed at the quality of this crap GM product with how much we spent. We filed a complaint with GM and they just wanted to 'assist us with getting it fixed with the dealer.' Thanks, but no thanks. I can schedule taking my car into the dealer for the 20+ time on my own, as I have for the entire 3.5 years we've owned the thing. Worst car I've ever owned - never had this many issues on my other cars combined!
Report abuse

Used 2015 Cadillac Escalade ESV in Pensacola, FL Values

Estimated values
2015 Cadillac Escalade ESV Platinum 4dr SUV 4WD (6.2L 8cyl 8A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$15,205$18,947$21,453
Clean$14,656$18,200$20,536
Average$13,742$16,955$19,009
Rough$12,554$15,337$17,024

The average list price of a used 2015 Cadillac Escalade ESV in Pensacola, Florida is $25,258. The average mileage on a used Cadillac Escalade ESV 2015 for sale in Pensacola, Florida is 114,788. Based on the average mileage of 114,788 for used 2015 Cadillac Escalade ESV for sale in Pensacola, FL and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Cadillac Escalade ESV 2015 in Pensacola, Florida to be $13,742.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius500 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.