Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
2,772 listings
  • Price Drop
    • 51,263 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 4 Seats, 17 City / 25 Hwy MPG, Manual
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Richmond, VA / 339 miles away from Bridgeport, CT

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (17 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4GJXAG5LW316530
    Stock: 2003804441
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-09-2025

    • 55,980 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 21 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • Colandrea Buick GMC (50 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Newburgh, NY / 50 miles away from Bridgeport, CT

    Sunroof, Heated Leather Seats, REMOTE START SYSTEM, iPod/MP3 Input, Back-Up Camera, 4x4, Turbo, Alloy Wheels, Tow Hitch, SKY 1-TOUCH POWER TOP, ENGINE...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (21 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4HJXFNXLW270804
    Stock: A3446A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-23-2025

  • New Listing
    • 36,165 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 17 City / 23 Hwy MPG, Manual
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Cleveland, OH / 442 miles away from Bridgeport, CT

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4HJXDG3LW225904
    Stock: 2003789021
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-05-2025

    • 42,376 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats
    • Port Jervis Auto Mall (78 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Port Jervis, NY / 78 miles away from Bridgeport, CT

    Certified. Sting-Gray Clearcoat 2021 Jeep Wrangler Unlimited Sport S 4WD 8-Speed Automatic 2.0L I4 DOHCFCA US LLC Certified Pre-Owned Details: * Warra...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4HJXDN2MW743101
    Stock: U25965
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 04-02-2025

  • $32,992
    great price
    $5,216 below market
    • 26,944 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats
    • BMW of Bridgeport (2 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Bridgeport, CT / 2 miles away from Bridgeport, CT

    Priced below KBB Fair Purchase Price! Odometer is 10853 miles below market average! Clean CARFAX.Alpine Premium Audio System, Apple CarPlay/Android Au...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4HJXEG2MW504793
    Stock: B25328T
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-05-2025

    • 43,513 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 17 City / 23 Hwy MPG, Manual
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Tampa, FL / 1,053 miles away from Bridgeport, CT

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4HJXDG9LW248815
    Stock: 2003809098
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-18-2025

  • New Listing
    • 36,231 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from CA to CT*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Oxnard, CA / 2,528 miles away from Bridgeport, CT

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4HJXDN0LW181259
    Stock: 27373465
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 91,025 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 17 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Zelienople, PA / 363 miles away from Bridgeport, CT

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,CarFax 1-Owner,Rare Find,Back-Up Camera,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Keyless Start,Satellite Radio,Tow Hitch,4-Wheel Disc Brake...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4HJXDG9LW310312
    Stock: Z310312A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 175,065 miles
    • 1 accident, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 4 Seats, 15 City / 19 Hwy MPG, Manual
    • Road Ready Used Cars (13 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    • Aux Audio Inputs
    Close

    Located in Ansonia, CT / 13 miles away from Bridgeport, CT

    * 100% SERVICED - NEW BRAKES & E-BRAKE CABLES & SHOES - FOUR NEW TIRES - NEW FLUIDS & MUCH MORE! THOUSANDS IN CUSTOM OPTIONS - WE DELIVER TO ALL 50 ST...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (15 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1J4GA64168L634998
    Stock: 16122
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 10-28-2023

    • 82,515 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 17 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Certified Performance Motors (44 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Valley Stream, NY / 44 miles away from Bridgeport, CT

    We take pride in providing high-quality vehicles and exceptional customer service. Our extensive inventory offers a wide variety of cars to suit every...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4HJXDG6LW242180
    Stock: M16865
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-19-2025

    • 52,317 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats
    • Millennium Chevrolet (39 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Hempstead, NY / 39 miles away from Bridgeport, CT

    *The Internet Price is reflective after $1,995 down. Price subject to change Subject to primary lenders approval. All prices exclude tax, title, deale...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4HJXEN3LW253019
    Stock: P07082T
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-05-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 51,019 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 21 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • Rockland Chrysler Dodge Jeep Ram (42 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Nanuet, NY / 42 miles away from Bridgeport, CT

    2020 Jeep Wrangler Unlimited RubiconCertified. FCA US LLC Certified Pre-Owned Details: * Vehicle History * Vehicles Up to 75,000 Miles and/or 5 Model ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (21 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4HJXFN8LW243021
    Stock: W243021
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 04-23-2025

  • New Listing
    • 58,288 miles
    • No accidents, 4 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 4 Seats
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Detroit, MI / 522 miles away from Bridgeport, CT

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4GJXAN0LW168379
    Stock: 2003793466
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-18-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 84,959 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, rental vehicle
    • 5 Seats
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Los Angeles, CA / 2,488 miles away from Bridgeport, CT

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4HJXDN1LW268880
    Stock: 2003751407
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-24-2025

    • 52,017 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats
    • Shoreline Chrysler Dodge Jeep Ram (43 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Old Saybrook, CT / 43 miles away from Bridgeport, CT

    2022 Jeep Wrangler Unlimited Sahara High Altitude is the perfect blend of rugged capability and refined luxury, powered by a robust V6 engine paired w...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4HJXEG2NW124208
    Stock: CP2635
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-18-2025

    • 33,541 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 17 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Bend, OR / 2,416 miles away from Bridgeport, CT

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,Low Mileage,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Heated Seats,Heated Steering Wheel,Keyless Start,Nav...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4HJXFG4LW291469
    Stock: LW291469J1
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Stock photo**
    • 107,979 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 4 Seats, 15 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • berkshire auto sales (43 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    • Aux Audio Inputs
    Close

    Located in Torrington, CT / 43 miles away from Bridgeport, CT

    HUGE SALE GOING ON NOW!!

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (15 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1J4FA241X8L645541
    Stock: 645541
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 10-22-2024

  • New Listing
    $28,990
    fair price
    $1,019 above market
    • 47,983 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Cleveland, OH / 442 miles away from Bridgeport, CT

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4HJXDN8LW226870
    Stock: 2003796674
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-12-2025

  • $27,109
    great price
    $7,258 below market
    • 52,451 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Wesley Chapel, FL / 1,032 miles away from Bridgeport, CT

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,CarFax 1-Owner,Rare Find,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Keyless Start,Navigation System,Satellite Ra...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4HJXDG0MW696961
    Stock: C696961A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $30,990
    fair price
    $270 above market
    • 44,698 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 17 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Chicago, IL / 785 miles away from Bridgeport, CT

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4HJXDG0LW275868
    Stock: 2003789499
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-05-2025

  • Price Drop
    $31,990
    fair price
    $819 above market
    • 43,345 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 17 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Cincinnati, OH / 614 miles away from Bridgeport, CT

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4HJXDG2LW241785
    Stock: 2003763614
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-18-2025

Showing 1,681 - 1,701 out of 2,772 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Jeep Wrangler

Read recent reviews for the Jeep Wrangler
Overall Consumer Rating
4.3 out of 5 stars34 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 34 reviews
  • 5 star
    (71%)
  • 4 star
    (9%)
  • 3 star
    (9%)
  • 2 star
    (6%)
  • 1 star
    (6%)
4.5 out of 5 stars

Got What I Wanted

towsonres, 03/23/2014
2014 Jeep Wrangler Unlimited Sport RHD 4dr SUV 4WD (3.6L 6cyl 5A)
I have waited to purchase a Jeep Wrangler for several years. I have not been disappointed! For you 40 somethings; this is not your dad's Jeep. It has creature comforts, not a choppy ride, not cold / hot, good acceleration, easy top removal, and most importantly; FUN! Don't listen to other reviews about not being a daily driver. I commute 54 miles daily to work on the highway and back … roads without issue or regret. If you are penny pinching and worried about your fuel bill, you may want to think twice about a Jeep. It is what it is and the fun factor has certainly more than offset the pump price. Great fun.
Report abuse

Used 2020 Jeep Wrangler in Bridgeport, CT Values

Estimated values
2020 Jeep Wrangler Sport 2dr SUV 4WD (3.6L 6cyl 6M) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$18,957$20,950$22,878
Clean$18,401$20,312$22,157
Average$17,474$19,249$20,956
Rough$16,268$17,868$19,393

The average list price of a used 2020 Jeep Wrangler in Bridgeport, Connecticut is $29,412. The average mileage on a used Jeep Wrangler 2020 for sale in Bridgeport, Connecticut is 60,461. Based on the average mileage of 60,461 for used 2020 Jeep Wrangler for sale in Bridgeport, CT and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Jeep Wrangler 2020 in Bridgeport, Connecticut to be $17,474.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius100 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.