Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
776 listings
  • $8,995
    fair price
    $627 above market
    • 117,374 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 16 City / 24 Hwy MPG
    • King Auto Sales II (138 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Detroit, MI / 138 miles away from Grand Rapids, MI

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3C4PDDEG4HT615505
    Stock: 5857B
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-14-2025

  • New Listing
    Photos not available
    $9,500
    fair price
    $2 above market
    • 103,975 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 16 City / 24 Hwy MPG
    • George Matick Chevrolet (128 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Redford, MI / 128 miles away from Grand Rapids, MI

    This vehicle is sold in AS-IS condition, with no warranty or guarantee either expressed or implied. You will pay all costs for any repairs. The dealer...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3C4PDDEG4HT521091
    Stock: AYT2649
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-10-2025

  • Photos not available
    $7,995
    fair price
    $258 below market
    • 142,649 miles
    • 1 accident, 4 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 19 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Carlyle Auto Sales (180 mi away)
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Third-row seating
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Multi-Zone Climate C...
    Close

    Located in Rockford, IL / 180 miles away from Grand Rapids, MI

    Down payments are negotiable and include tax title and license

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3C4PDCAB0HT653673
    Stock: 15901
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-03-2025

  • New Listing
    Photos not available
    $11,500
    fair price
    $279 above market
    • 80,931 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 16 City / 24 Hwy MPG
    • Dans Auto Sales (143 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Roseville, MI / 143 miles away from Grand Rapids, MI

    Call Dans Auto Sales at 5**-7**-1*** We offer all types of Financing, No Credit Needed. Guaranteed Credit Approval !! All our vehicles are safety chec...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3C4PDDEG1HT618653
    Stock: 6044
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-09-2025

    • 1 mile
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 16 City / 24 Hwy MPG
    • First Marshall Auto Auction (137 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Harvey, IL / 137 miles away from Grand Rapids, MI

    *JOLIET IL* *ROCKDALE IL* *CREST HILL IL* *STATEVILLE IL* *LOCKPORT IL* *NEW LENOX IL* *SHOREWOOD IL* *ROMEOVILLE IL* *ELWOOD IL* *MANHATTAN IL* *PLAI...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3D4PH6FG9BT518227
    Stock: 518227
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 12-18-2024

    • 55,548 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 19 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Third-row seating
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Kansas City, MO / 535 miles away from Grand Rapids, MI

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3C4PDCGB3HT648202
    Stock: 2003767859
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-07-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 62,957 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 7 Seats
    • Highland DriveTime (135 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Third-row seating
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Parking sensors
    Close

    Located in Highland, IN / 135 miles away from Grand Rapids, MI

    Shop at DriveTime: Get started on your personalized car-buying journey today. With no credit impact, you can get approved for your real, personalized ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3C4PDCBG0KT873218
    Stock: 1770015806
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-30-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 63,768 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 17 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Yark Chrysler Dodge Jeep Ram (135 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Third-row seating
    Close

    Located in Toledo, OH / 135 miles away from Grand Rapids, MI

    Recent Arrival! Certified. 2017 Dodge Journey GT Blood Orange Clearcoat Remote Engine Start, Active Parking Assist, Heated Seats, Backup Camera, CD pl...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3C4PDCEG6HT677126
    Stock: JP34503B
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-04-2025

  • Photos not available
    $10,900
    fair price
    $409 above market
    • 99,577 miles
    • 2 accidents, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 19 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Sundance Chevrolet (51 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Third-row seating
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Grand Ledge, MI / 51 miles away from Grand Rapids, MI

    Pitch Black Clearcoat 2017 Dodge Journey Crossroad FWD 4-Speed Automatic VLP 2.4L I4 DOHC 16V Dual VVT 8.4'' Touchscreen Display, ATC w/3-Zone Tempera...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3C4PDCGB2HT556823
    Stock: 556823
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-05-2025

  • $7,400
    fair price
    $389 above market
    • 165,071 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 19 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Best Deals Auto Sales (136 mi away)
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Third-row seating
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Multi-Zone Climate C...
    Close

    Located in Detroit, MI / 136 miles away from Grand Rapids, MI

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3C4PDCAB2HT573341
    Stock: 6818
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-13-2024

  • $7,500
    fair price
    $558 above market
    • 169,180 miles
    • 2 accidents, 4 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 7 Seats
    • Best Deals Auto Sales (136 mi away)
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Third-row seating
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Detroit, MI / 136 miles away from Grand Rapids, MI

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3C4PDCBG5HT590760
    Stock: 7144
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-04-2025

    • 75,466 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 17 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Third-row seating
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Richmond, VA / 560 miles away from Grand Rapids, MI

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3C4PDCEG3HT670778
    Stock: 2003566469
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-21-2025

    • 158,236 miles
    • No accidents, 4 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 17 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Platinum Cars (134 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Third-row seating
    Close

    Located in Chicago, IL / 134 miles away from Grand Rapids, MI

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3C4PDCEG1HT566726
    Stock: P8202
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-06-2025

  • New Listing
    • 46,133 miles
    • No accidents, 4 owners, rental vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 16 City / 24 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from CO to MI*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Third-row seating
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Colorado Springs, CO / 1,031 miles away from Grand Rapids, MI

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3C4PDDBG5HT512629
    Stock: 27414588
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 100,786 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 16 City / 24 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Charlotte, NC / 595 miles away from Grand Rapids, MI

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3C4PDDEG1HT620418
    Stock: 2003586747
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-29-2025

    • 91,886 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 19 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Third-row seating
    Close

    Located in Atlanta, GA / 638 miles away from Grand Rapids, MI

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3C4PDCGB0HT544976
    Stock: 2003755029
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-03-2025

    • 95,285 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 19 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Third-row seating
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Buffalo, NY / 347 miles away from Grand Rapids, MI

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3C4PDCGB1HT614744
    Stock: 2003849003
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-27-2025

  • New Listing
    • 62,218 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, rental vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 19 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from CA to MI*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Third-row seating
    Close

    Located in Modesto, CA / 1,881 miles away from Grand Rapids, MI

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3C4PDCGBXHT612250
    Stock: 27068496
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 68,098 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 16 City / 24 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Indianapolis, IN / 222 miles away from Grand Rapids, MI

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3C4PDDEG0HT610382
    Stock: 2003661322
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-03-2025

  • New Listing
    • 73,763 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, rental vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 19 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from LA to MI*
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Third-row seating
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Multi-Zone Climate C...
    Close

    Located in Kenner, LA / 930 miles away from Grand Rapids, MI

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3C4PDCBG3HT518262
    Stock: 25254021
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 82,750 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 19 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from TN to MI*
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Third-row seating
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Knoxville, TN / 495 miles away from Grand Rapids, MI

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3C4PDCBB7HT563905
    Stock: 27547145
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

Showing 379 - 399 out of 776 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Dodge Journey

Read recent reviews for the Dodge Journey
Overall Consumer Rating
3.1 out of 5 stars61 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 61 reviews
  • 5 star
    (33%)
  • 4 star
    (13%)
  • 3 star
    (16%)
  • 2 star
    (11%)
  • 1 star
    (26%)
5 out of 5 stars

Fantastic car and even better value

Natedb, 03/26/2016
2013 Dodge Journey SE 4dr SUV (2.4L 4cyl 4A)
Bought a 2013 American Value Package new. Have owned for 3+ years and put about 55k miles on. Car has been fantastic. It is used by my wife to haul kiddos around and it has plenty of room and can take the abuse that kids can cause. Was the most affordable vehicle on the market. Other than normal maintenance, we have only had one trip to the dealer which was a minor issue covered … under warranty UPDATE -- I have now had the Journey for 5 1/2 years and am up to 102,000 miles. All of my prior comments are still accurate. The vehicle has been extremely reliable and we have had no expenses other than routine maintenance expenses. The car has worn well, despite the fact that it is usually transporting kids and all that comes along with kids. Would buy another one.
Report abuse

Used 2017 Dodge Journey in Grand Rapids, MI Values

Estimated values
2017 Dodge Journey GT 4dr SUV AWD (3.6L 6cyl 6A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$7,635$11,389$14,263
Clean$7,294$10,861$13,579
Average$6,726$9,982$12,438
Rough$5,987$8,839$10,956

The average list price of a used 2017 Dodge Journey in Grand Rapids, Michigan is $12,625. The average mileage on a used Dodge Journey 2017 for sale in Grand Rapids, Michigan is 91,222. Based on the average mileage of 91,222 for used 2017 Dodge Journey for sale in Grand Rapids, MI and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Dodge Journey 2017 in Grand Rapids, Michigan to be $6,726.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius200 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.