Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
89 listings
  • Price Drop
    • 59,477 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use
    • 18 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana - Sacramento (252 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Heated seats
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Sacramento, CA / 252 miles away from Bakersfield, CA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (18 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WAU43AFDXGN006908
    Stock: 2003872402
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-08-2025

  • Price Drop
    $14,750
    great price
    $2,929 below market
    • 102,936 miles
    • 2 accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 18 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • Mercedes-Benz of Thousand Oaks (85 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Westlake Village, CA / 85 miles away from Bakersfield, CA

    2015 Audi A8 L KEY FEATURES INCLUDELeather Seats, Navigation, All Wheel Drive, Rear Air, Premium Sound System Glacier White Metallic exterior and Noug...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (18 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WAU32AFD0FN006378
    Stock: N006378T
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-07-2025

  • New Listing
    Stock photo**
    $14,900
    great price
    $3,053 below market
    • 90,377 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use
    • 19 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • Platinum Motorcars of Las Vegas (224 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Power Driver Seat
    • USB Inputs
    • Cooled Seats
    Close

    Located in Las Vegas, NV / 224 miles away from Bakersfield, CA

    CALL or TEXT (7**) 9**-7*** OR 7**-7**-6*** for quick answers to your questions about this vehicle. Your message will be answered by a REAL HUMAN Vehi...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WAUJGAFD7FN024045
    Stock: 024045
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-30-2025

  • Price Drop
    $10,300
    great price
    $1,420 below market
    • 95,643 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 18 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Autoaffari (256 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Sacramento, CA / 256 miles away from Bakersfield, CA

    Introducing the stunning 2013 Audi A8 3.0T quattro, a luxury vehicle that exudes sophistication and power. This meticulously crafted sedan offers the ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WAUAGAFD2DN014455
    Stock: 014455
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-17-2025

  • $10,999
    great price
    $2,483 below market
    • 104,936 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 16 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Road Runner Motors (239 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in San Leandro, CA / 239 miles away from Bakersfield, CA

    2013 AUDI A8 L 4.0T QUATTRO Great condition One owner clean title with clean carfax Runs and drives smooth Everything works as it should Clean insid...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WAUR2AFD2DN026090
    Stock: 026090
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-13-2025

  • $14,453
    good price
    $2,543 below market
    • 100,379 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use
    • 19 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Power Driver Seat
    • USB Inputs
    • Multi-Zone Climate C...
    Close

    Located in Tampa, FL / 2,194 miles away from Bakersfield, CA

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,High Demand,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Hands-Free Liftgate,Heads-Up Display,Heated Seats,Ke...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WAUJGAFD7FN033215
    Stock: FN033215
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $23,900
    good price
    $2,971 below market
    • 66,849 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 18 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • Audi Pacific (112 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Heated seats
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Torrance, CA / 112 miles away from Bakersfield, CA

    Clean CARFAX. Odometer is 19040 miles below market average! 18/29 City/Highway MPGAudi Active Lane Assist, Audi Adaptive Cruise Control w/Stop & Go,...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (18 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WAU43AFD9HN006495
    Stock: AP00057
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-23-2025

  • Price Drop
    $16,995
    fair price
    $874 below market
    • 45,168 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 18 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Frontier Ford (213 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Santa Clara, CA / 213 miles away from Bakersfield, CA

    Recent Arrival! 18/28 City/Highway MPG Blue (Dark) 2013 Audi A8 L 3.0T quattro quattro Automatic 3.0L V6 TFSIwww.frontierford.com Excellent Selection ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WAURGAFD9DN034513
    Stock: DN034513
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-15-2025

  • $16,999
    fair price
    $1,102 below market
    • 105,235 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 18 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • LA Vice Motors (120 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in San Pedro, CA / 120 miles away from Bakersfield, CA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (18 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WAU32AFD8FN028435
    Stock: 028435
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-12-2025

  • $11,450
    fair price
    $199 above market
    • 109,874 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 18 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Charlie Motors (224 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Fremont, CA / 224 miles away from Bakersfield, CA

    CLEAN TITLE / 109,874 mi2013 AUDI A8 3.0T QUATTROVIN: WAUAGAFD3DN023875W A U A G A F D 3 D N 0 2 3 8 7 5SEDAN 4 DR3.0L V6 F DOHC 24VGASOLINEALL WHEEL ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WAUAGAFD3DN023875
    Stock: 1419
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-15-2025

  • New Listing
    $11,987
    fair price
    $340 above market
    • 102,211 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 18 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Trade Auto Sales (256 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Sacramento, CA / 256 miles away from Bakersfield, CA

    2013 Audi A8 3.0T SEDAN 4DPrice: $11,987.00Clean TitleWarranty AvailableFinancing AvailableFlexible payment termsMiles: 102KFREE Carfax ReportBlind-Sp...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WAUAGAFD8DN012015
    Stock: N012015
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-12-2025

  • $22,995
    fair price
    $957 above market
    • 82,646 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use
    • 19 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (101 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Heated seats
    • Navigation
    Close

    Located in Los Angeles, CA / 101 miles away from Bakersfield, CA

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,High Demand,Rare Find,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Hands-Free Liftgate,Heads-Up Display,Heate...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WAU44AFD5HN011139
    Stock: A5000448-1
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $17,250
    fair price
    $528 above market
    • 51,902 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 18 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Spotleson Motor Group (422 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Scottsdale, AZ / 422 miles away from Bakersfield, CA

    2013 Audi A8L 3.0T Quattro - Black on Black - Only 51k Miles - 1-Owner Clean CarFax - MUST SEE!!! We Ship Worldwide, Take Trade-in s and have many Ext...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WAURGAFDXDN004534
    Stock: 004534
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-06-2025

  • $27,590
    fair price
    $1,575 above market
    • 56,620 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 19 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana - Phoenix (414 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Heated seats
    • Navigation
    Close

    Located in Phoenix, AZ / 414 miles away from Bakersfield, CA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WAU44AFD5HN020214
    Stock: 2003655756
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-23-2025

    • 114,869 miles
    • No accidents, 5 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 17 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • All Stars Motors (250 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Daly City, CA / 250 miles away from Bakersfield, CA

    Visit All Stars Motors Inc online at www.starsmotors.com to see more pictures of this vehicle or call us at 650-550-4482 today to schedule your test ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (17 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WAUAVAFD0BN000878
    Stock: AUD878
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    • 82,710 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 18 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • Legend Auto (260 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Sacramento, CA / 260 miles away from Bakersfield, CA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (18 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WAUJ2AFD1FN014867
    Stock: 014867
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-16-2025

    • 87,776 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use
    • 18 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • USB Inputs
    • Aux Audio Inputs
    Close

    Located in Great Falls, MT / 913 miles away from Bakersfield, CA

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,High Demand,Back-Up Camera,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Hands-Free Liftgate,Heated Seats,Keyless Start,Leather Seats,Navigation...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (18 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WAU32AFD5FN037867
    Stock: FN037867EA
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 107,874 miles
    • No accidents, 5 owners, personal use
    • 18 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Mamas Motors (209 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in San Jose, CA / 209 miles away from Bakersfield, CA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WAURGAFD5DN026618
    Stock: 026618
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-05-2025

    • 45,177 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 19 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • Quality Auto Sales (261 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • USB Inputs
    • Aux Audio Inputs
    Close

    Located in Sacramento, CA / 261 miles away from Bakersfield, CA

    BLOW OUT SALE! NOW IS THE TIME TO BUY! WE ARE BASICALLY GIVING CARS AWAY! DON'T MISS OUT! YOU WILL NOT SEE DEALS LIKE THIS AGAIN! COME IN TO SEE WHAT...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WAUJGAFD5FN005316
    Stock: 2381
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $6,995
    great price
    $2,415 below market
    • 141,371 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 18 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • N&N Auto Collection (99 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Pasadena, CA / 99 miles away from Bakersfield, CA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WAURVAFD9CN006716
    Stock: 006716
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-06-2025

  • $9,989
    good price
    $1,798 below market
    • 118,398 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 18 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Autobakers (83 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Mission Hills, CA / 83 miles away from Bakersfield, CA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WAURVAFDXCN005722
    Stock: 005722
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

Showing 22 - 42 out of 89 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Audi A8

Read recent reviews for the Audi A8
Overall Consumer Rating
4.5 out of 5 stars26 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 26 reviews
  • 5 star
    (73%)
  • 4 star
    (15%)
  • 3 star
    (4%)
  • 2 star
    (8%)
  • 1 star
    (0%)
5 out of 5 stars

The best Luxury Car money can buy!!!

donnie13, 03/25/2012
2012 Audi A8 L 4.2 quattro 4dr Sedan AWD (4.2L 8cyl 8A)
I had a 2006 750LI and loved this car. Traded for a 2009 Audi A8L and while was a great car, didn't have enough pizazz. Traded it for a 2010 Mercedes S-Class. Was a good car but too soft. Felt floaty. Bought a 2011 Eguus, while a good car, too jittery and not refined. Now comes the new 2012 Audi A8L! Unbelievable car. Out drives and performs better than all of the above. Feels like … you're driving a Bentley for half the price. Fit and finish, impeccable. Ride is stiff when needed and firm at just the right time. I'm a car buff as you can see by all the cars I purchase and I'm more impressed with this car than any of the large luxury cars I've owned, including my past 2009 A8L.
Report abuse

Used 2016 Audi A8 in Bakersfield, CA Values

Estimated values
2016 Audi A8 L 4.0T Sport quattro 4dr Sedan AWD (4.0L 8cyl Turbo 8A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$17,429$20,250$22,268
Clean$16,733$19,402$21,293
Average$15,572$17,988$19,667
Rough$14,063$16,150$17,554

The average list price of a used 2016 Audi A8 in Bakersfield, California is $16,901. The average mileage on a used Audi A8 2016 for sale in Bakersfield, California is 89,163. Based on the average mileage of 89,163 for used 2016 Audi A8 for sale in Bakersfield, CA and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Audi A8 2016 in Bakersfield, California to be $15,572.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius500 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.