Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
218 listings
    • 50,950 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Sewell Cadillac of Grapevine (8 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Grapevine, TX / 8 miles away from Irving, TX

    Sewell Cadillac of Grapevine proudly offers this Certified Preowned 2022 Cadillac Escalade ESV 4x4. This well-equipped vehicle features the following ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4RKLXNR236791
    Stock: 5349931A
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 05-09-2025

  • Stock photo**
    • 36,991 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Mercedes-Benz of McKinney (32 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in McKinney, TX / 32 miles away from Irving, TX

    PREFERRED EQUIPMENT GROUP, HEAVY-DUTY TRAILERING PACKAGE, 4WD!!! This 2022 Cadillac Escalade ESV Sport Platinum featuring OLED INFOTAINMENT EXPERIENCE...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4RKLXNR274361
    Stock: TNR274361
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-14-2025

    • 58,910 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Lewisville Autoplex (12 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Lewisville, TX / 12 miles away from Irving, TX

    Clean CARFAX.Pre-Qualify for Low Finance Rate & 100k Mile Extended Service Plan, 90 Day/3k Mile Limited Warranty, Free Clean CARFAX Report, Autoplex N...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4PKL6NR166100
    Stock: 20135A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-05-2025

  • New Listing
    Stock photo**
    • 80,210 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Blake Utter Ford (61 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Denison, TX / 61 miles away from Irving, TX

    Clean CARFAX.Recent Arrival! 21/27 City/Highway MPGView all our inventory at www.blakeutterford.com. Follow us on Facebook! Call Terri Irby Interne...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS3KKT0NR166700
    Stock: S25187A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-17-2025

  • New Listing
    • 89,672 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Jerry's Chevrolet (43 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Weatherford, TX / 43 miles away from Irving, TX

    Autocheck One Owner, Local Trade, 2nd Row Bucket Seats, Running Boards, Leather Seats, Autocheck-No Accidents or Damage Reported, Navigation, Heated S...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4KKL5NR147296
    Stock: NR147296
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-17-2025

  • $67,998
    fair price
    $588 above market
    • 71,778 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Jake Sweeney Express (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Cincinnati, OH / 826 miles away from Irving, TX

    Have you ever wondered where to buy a Certified used car? Look no further! Jake Sweeney is here to Help. If you are in need of a new or used vehicle, ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4RKL5NR247441
    Stock: LP9092
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-05-2025

    • 19,860 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Galleria Chevrolet (10 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Dallas, TX / 10 miles away from Irving, TX

    LEATHER, ALLOY WHEELS, 4X4, AUTOMATIC, LOCAL TRADE, ONE OWNER, BLUETOOTH, 4WD, Adaptive Cruise Control, AKG Studio 19-Speaker Audio System, Automatic ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4NKL2NR121093
    Stock: GPR1111
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-01-2025

    • 28,458 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Sewell Cadillac of Grapevine (8 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Grapevine, TX / 8 miles away from Irving, TX

    Sewell Cadillac of Grapevine proudly offers this Certified Preowned 2022 Cadillac Escalade ESV Four Wheel Drive. This well-equipped vehicle features t...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4RKL0NR248299
    Stock: 5361478A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-08-2025

    • 100,077 miles
    • 2 accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Shottenkirk Toyota of Granbury (50 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Granbury, TX / 50 miles away from Irving, TX

    CARFAX One-Owner. 2022 Cadillac Escalade ESV Sport 4D Sport Utility Sport Crystal White Tricoat 6.2L V8 10-Speed Automatic with Overdrive 4WD This veh...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4PKL4NR156424
    Stock: NR156424
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-02-2025

    • 43,132 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • NTX Auto Exchange (18 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Garland, TX / 18 miles away from Irving, TX

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4KKL0NR365212
    Stock: 11667
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 01-24-2025

  • New Listing
    • 119,361 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Sewell Cadillac of Grapevine (8 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Grapevine, TX / 8 miles away from Irving, TX

    Sewell Cadillac of Grapevine proudly offers this 2022 Cadillac Escalade ESV Four Wheel Drive that has been professionally inspected by one of our Sewe...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4RKLXNR169304
    Stock: 5361470A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-11-2025

    • 7,425 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 18 Hwy MPG
    • Crest Cadillac (19 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Frisco, TX / 19 miles away from Irving, TX

    Certified. Cadillac Certified Pre-Owned Details:* Roadside Assistance* Vehicle History* Warranty Deductible: $0* Limited Warranty: 12 Month/Unlimited ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/18 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4RKL4RR377247
    Stock: CSP240
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 06-10-2025

  • New Listing
    • 51,707 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from MA to TX*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Danvers, MA / 1,563 miles away from Irving, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4PKL8NR185666
    Stock: 27524613
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 2,391 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 11 City / 17 Hwy MPG
    • Blue Star Motor Group (21 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Argyle, TX / 21 miles away from Irving, TX

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    13 Combined MPG (11 City/17 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS9SR97SR189363
    Stock: 189363
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-29-2025

    • 23,275 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 18 Hwy MPG
    • Crest Cadillac (19 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Frisco, TX / 19 miles away from Irving, TX

    Certified. Cadillac Certified Pre-Owned Details: * Courtesy transportation & 24 hour Roadside Assistance for the life of the warranty and stringent 17...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/18 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4RKL9RR112470
    Stock: C70017A
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 05-18-2025

    • 7,588 miles
    • No accidents, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Jerry's Chevrolet (43 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Weatherford, TX / 43 miles away from Irving, TX

    Autocheck One Owner, 2nd Row Bucket Seats, Running Boards, Leather Seats, Autocheck-No Accidents or Damage Reported, Heated Seats, Power Sunroof, DVD ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4LKL3RR271451
    Stock: RR271451
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-30-2025

  • New Listing
    • 37,161 miles
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from MD to TX*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in White Marsh, MD / 1,227 miles away from Irving, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4PKL7NR154554
    Stock: 27569826
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Stock photo**
    • 53,312 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Jake Sweeney Express (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Cincinnati, OH / 826 miles away from Irving, TX

    Jake Sweeney Is Here to Help! If you are in need of a new or used vehicle, we are offering you the ability to shop online and have your vehicle delive...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4PKL2NR306921
    Stock: G18493
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-30-2025

  • Stock photo**
    • 33,870 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 18 Hwy MPG
    • Shottenkirk Toyota of Weatherford (45 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Hudson Oaks, TX / 45 miles away from Irving, TX

    CARFAX One-Owner. AWD, Bluetooth, Hands-Free Connections, Navigation / GPS / Telematics, Portable Audio Connections, Premium Audio, Backup Camera, Hea...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/18 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4PKL5PR348163
    Stock: PR348163
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-05-2025

  • New Listing
    $87,998
    great price
    $8,091 below market
    • 42,102 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 18 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from WI to TX*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Kenosha, WI / 831 miles away from Irving, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/18 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4RKL3RR189061
    Stock: 27501939
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 6,105 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Crest Cadillac (19 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Frisco, TX / 19 miles away from Irving, TX

    Certified. Cadillac Certified Pre-Owned Details: * Roadside Assistance * Vehicle History * 172 Point Inspection * Warranty Deductible: $0 * Limited Wa...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4KKL0RR374773
    Stock: 63960
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 05-03-2025

Showing 148 - 168 out of 218 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Cadillac Escalade ESV

Read recent reviews for the Cadillac Escalade ESV
Overall Consumer Rating
4.3 out of 5 stars56 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 56 reviews
  • 5 star
    (63%)
  • 4 star
    (25%)
  • 3 star
    (7%)
  • 2 star
    (4%)
  • 1 star
    (2%)
4.88 out of 5 stars

A Great Luxury SUV

KMGHMG, 08/13/2010
2007 Cadillac Escalade ESV 4dr SUV AWD (6.2L 8cyl 6A)
I couldn't be more pleased with my 2007 Escalade ESV. I can't believe all the negative reviews. I have to think they're not all legit. It's very quiet, the ride is great, the interior and exterior are beautiful, it's solidly built, and it's very safe. We were just rear-ended by an F150 and all we had was a scratch on the rear bumper the size of my thumb. The F150 had $3,000+ damage. … We took a 3,500 mile road trip this summer from TX to the Rockies, and I assure you there is no finer road-trip machine. 17 mpg hwy. We've had one minor problem, which was a seal on the transfer case (under $100), and it has been back to the dealer for repair ONCE since new. This is 100% fact.
Report abuse

Used 2022 Cadillac Escalade ESV in Irving, TX Values

Estimated values
2022 Cadillac Escalade ESV Sport Platinum 4dr SUV 4WD (6.2L 8cyl 10A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$60,644$64,372$68,260
Clean$59,836$63,481$67,278
Average$58,489$61,995$65,643
Rough$56,739$60,063$63,516

The average list price of a used 2022 Cadillac Escalade ESV in Irving, Texas is $80,055. The average mileage on a used Cadillac Escalade ESV 2022 for sale in Irving, Texas is 45,921. Based on the average mileage of 45,921 for used 2022 Cadillac Escalade ESV for sale in Irving, TX and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Cadillac Escalade ESV 2022 in Irving, Texas to be $58,489.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Location

Search radius100 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.