Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
231 listings
  • $6,991
    fair price
    $629 below market
    • 115,966 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5cyl automatic
    • APX Auto Brokers (13 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Multi-Zone Climate C...
    Close

    Located in Edmonds, WA / 13 miles away from Everett, WA

    2012 VOLVO S60 T5 AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION Two owner local trade, clean title, automatic transmission, keyless entry, backup camera, Bluetooth phone ca...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (20 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: YV1622FS8C2125369
    Stock: 125369
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-05-2025

  • $8,995
    fair price
    $15 above market
    • 81,179 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5cyl automatic
    • JD Auto PDX (179 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Multi-Zone Climate C...
    Close

    Located in Gladstone, OR / 179 miles away from Everett, WA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (21 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: YV1612FHXD2170290
    Stock: 170290-450
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    Stock photo**
    $8,495
    fair price
    $500 above market
    • 124,257 miles
    • 5cyl automatic
    • PDX Motorcars (173 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Multi-Zone Climate C...
    Close

    Located in Beaverton, OR / 173 miles away from Everett, WA

    Recent Arrival! Backup Camera, Leather Seats, Heated Seats, Sunroof/Moonroof, Clean Title, 17" Balder Alloy Wheels, 4-Wheel Disc Brakes, ABS brakes, A...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (21 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: YV1612FH9D2201111
    Stock: CT12763
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-09-2025

  • Price Drop
    $5,999
    good price
    $1,024 below market
    • 123,945 miles
    • No accidents, 4 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5cyl automatic
    • Kore Auto Sales (64 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Bellingham, WA / 64 miles away from Everett, WA

    NO HAGGLE INTERNET FINAL $$ SALE PRICE $$ WINTER TOTAL CLEARANCE . SELLING ENTIRE INVENTORY by JAN 15. EVERYTHING MUST GO.No one BEATS our PRICES on F...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (20 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: YV1622FS8C2050284
    Stock: 10373
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 11-07-2024

  • $6,800
    good price
    $1,310 below market
    • 105,194 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5cyl automatic
    • Platinum Auto Sales (68 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Multi-Zone Climate C...
    Close

    Located in Lacey, WA / 68 miles away from Everett, WA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (20 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: YV1622FS4C2099126
    Stock: 099126
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 12-12-2024

  • $5,988
    fair price
    $420 below market
    • 146,169 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5cyl automatic
    • Honda of Kirkland (19 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Multi-Zone Climate C...
    Close

    Located in Kirkland, WA / 19 miles away from Everett, WA

    Det 2012 Volvo S60 T5 FWD 6-Speed Automatic with Geartronic 2.5L 5-Cylinder Turbocharged20/30 City/Highway MPG

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (20 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: YV1622FS0C2103835
    Stock: 254137A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-11-2025

  • $5,499
    good price
    $1,191 below market
    • 131,217 miles
    • 1 accident, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5cyl automatic
    • Town Auto (57 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Multi-Zone Climate C...
    Close

    Located in Lakewood, WA / 57 miles away from Everett, WA

    Visit Town Auto Tacoma to shop our great deals. You can contact us or call 2**-3**-9*** to schedule your test drive today.

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (20 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: YV1622FS9C2140334
    Stock: 10220
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-17-2025

  • $6,500
    good price
    $625 below market
    • 161,127 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Kiro Motors (56 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Lakewood, WA / 56 miles away from Everett, WA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: YV1902FH0C2080354
    Stock: 918
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 01-24-2025

  • $7,293
    fair price
    $575 below market
    • 106,236 miles
    • No accidents, 5 owners, personal use
    • 5cyl automatic
    • Riverside Auto Gladstone (179 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Multi-Zone Climate C...
    Close

    Located in Gladstone, OR / 179 miles away from Everett, WA

    Inspections welcome!Shipping available Nationwide!Extended Warranties available up to 7 Years/100K MilesWe take all trades at Trade Ins @ KBB Trade ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (20 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: YV1622FS2C2125593
    Stock: 00346
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-03-2024

  • $7,695
    fair price
    $119 above market
    • 100,317 miles
    • No accidents, 4 owners, personal use only
    • 5cyl automatic
    • Max Auto (166 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Multi-Zone Climate C...
    Close

    Located in Portland, OR / 166 miles away from Everett, WA

    TIMING BELT SERVICE JUST DONE WE ARE AVAILABLE BY APPOINTMENT 10AM-6PM MONDAY THROUGH SATURDAYPlease Call/Text (5**) 4**-3*** to Schedule a test drive...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (20 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: YV1622FS2C2038034
    Stock: MX1209
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-10-2024

  • $7,995
    fair price
    $495 above market
    • 102,048 miles
    • No accidents, 4 owners, personal use
    • 5cyl automatic
    • Max Auto (166 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Multi-Zone Climate C...
    Close

    Located in Portland, OR / 166 miles away from Everett, WA

    - TEST DRIVE TODAY! TRADE-INS WELCOME! - By Appointment only! - Call or text us at: (5**) 4**-3*** - Email: I***@m.co- BUYER DIRECT FINANCING HERE: ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (20 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: YV1622FS9C2083374
    Stock: MX1252
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-08-2024

  • $7,995
    fair price
    $184 above market
    • 111,692 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, rental vehicle
    • 5cyl automatic
    • Max Auto (166 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Multi-Zone Climate C...
    Close

    Located in Portland, OR / 166 miles away from Everett, WA

    TIMING BELT SERVICE JUST DONE, TENSIONERS, PULLEYS, OIL/FILTER AND MORE. EXCELLENT TIRES, BRAKES, SMOKE AND PET ODOR FREE - TEST DRIVE TODAY! TRADE-IN...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (20 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: YV1622FS7C2140476
    Stock: MX1241
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-31-2024

  • $7,695
    fair price
    $230 above market
    • 112,956 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5cyl automatic
    • Max Auto (166 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Multi-Zone Climate C...
    Close

    Located in Portland, OR / 166 miles away from Everett, WA

    TIMING BELT JUST REPLACED, NEW TIRES AND BRAKES ALL AROUND, CLEAN, SMOOTH RIDE, TOP WORKS EVERYTIME- TEST DRIVE TODAY! TRADE-INS WELCOME! - By Appoi...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (20 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: YV1622FS8C2096293
    Stock: MX1250
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-12-2024

  • New Listing
    • 49,270 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5cyl automatic
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Bluetooth
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Multi-Zone Climate C...
    Close

    Located in Indianapolis, IN / 1,862 miles away from Everett, WA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (20 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: YV1622FS1C2135998
    Stock: 2003637064
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-08-2025

    • 100,238 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5cyl automatic
    • Max Auto (166 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Parking sensors
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Portland, OR / 166 miles away from Everett, WA

    - TEST DRIVE TODAY! TRADE-INS WELCOME! - By Appointment only! - Call or text us at: (5**) 4**-3*** - Email: I***@m.co- BUYER DIRECT FINANCING HERE...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (20 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: YV1622FS5C2100140
    Stock: MX1220
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 11-21-2023

    • 120,650 miles
    • No accidents, 5 owners, rental vehicle
    • 5cyl automatic
    • Cars To Go (169 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Portland, OR / 169 miles away from Everett, WA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (20 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: YV1622FS7C2051281
    Stock: 18573
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-12-2025

  • $11,990
    fair price
    $1,608 below market
    • 68,237 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Diplomat Motors (169 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Multi-Zone Climate C...
    Close

    Located in Troutdale, OR / 169 miles away from Everett, WA

    Vehicle Details:- Year: 2015- Make: Volvo- Model: S60- Trim: T5 Platinum Sedan 4D (2015.5)- Drivetrain: FWD- Title: Clean- Engine: 4-Cyl, PZEV, Drv-E,...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (25 City/37 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: YV126MFM4F2353048
    Stock: 353048
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $8,995
    fair price
    $503 below market
    • 92,602 miles
    • No accidents, 4 owners, personal use
    • 5cyl automatic
    • Max Auto (166 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Multi-Zone Climate C...
    Close

    Located in Portland, OR / 166 miles away from Everett, WA

    TIMING BELT, TENSIONERS, PULLEYS JUST SERVICED, GREAT TIRES, BRAKES, ABSOLUTELY NO ISSUES- TEST DRIVE TODAY! TRADE-INS WELCOME! - By Appointment only!...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (21 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: YV1612FS5D2221741
    Stock: MX1182
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-28-2024

  • Price Drop
    $8,996
    good price
    $825 below market
    • 84,285 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5cyl automatic
    • Seattle Auto Deals (1 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Multi-Zone Climate C...
    Close

    Located in Everett, WA / 1 miles away from Everett, WA

    For Sale: 2013 Volvo S60 T5 Sedan - Only 84,285 Miles!Looking for a reliable, stylish, and safe car? Look no further! We re offering a 2013 Volvo S60 ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (21 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: YV1612FS9D1215415
    Stock: 1111
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 10-02-2024

  • $7,895
    fair price
    $431 above market
    • 130,756 miles
    • No accidents, 4 owners, personal use
    • 5cyl automatic
    • Skyline Motors Auto Sales (55 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Multi-Zone Climate C...
    Close

    Located in Tacoma, WA / 55 miles away from Everett, WA

    Here s a 2013 Volvo S60 for sale. The 5-Cylinder engine provides a good balance of power and fuel efficiency, offering up to 30 MPG. Equipped with an ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (21 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: YV1612FS7D1225408
    Stock: 225408
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-23-2025

  • $10,995
    fair price
    $646 above market
    • 75,979 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5cyl automatic
    • Max Auto (166 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Multi-Zone Climate C...
    Close

    Located in Portland, OR / 166 miles away from Everett, WA

    ___________________________________________MAX AUTO IS PROUD TO OFFER THIS ONE OWNER LOW MILES 2013 VOLVO S60 AWDWE ARE AVAILABLE BY APPOINTMENT 10AM-...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (21 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: YV1612FH3D2194561
    Stock: MX1472
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-18-2025

Showing 1 - 21 out of 231 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Volvo S60

Read recent reviews for the Volvo S60
Overall Consumer Rating
4.3 out of 5 stars69 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 69 reviews
  • 5 star
    (72%)
  • 4 star
    (10%)
  • 3 star
    (6%)
  • 2 star
    (3%)
  • 1 star
    (9%)
5 out of 5 stars

This is a Volvo?

abmwfan, 07/10/2011
2012 Volvo S60 T6 4dr Sedan AWD (3.0L 6cyl Turbo 6A)
The dealer gave me an S60 as a loaner car and I liked it so much that I bought one 3 days later. I'm a long-time BMW owner and would never have thought I'd like an S60, but I was immediately impressed by the combination of comfort, performance, build quality, and classy interior. This is a front-wheel biased vehicle and it will never quite have the handling edge of a RWD car like a 335i, … but Volvo found an excellent balance between comfort and performance. The S60 is a more comfortable highway ride with enough power and handling to keep it interesting to drive. I like that this car is HIGHLY configurable to individual driving style and the different settings actually work.
Report abuse

Used 2012 Volvo S60 in Everett, WA Values

Estimated values
2012 Volvo S60 T5 4dr Sedan (2.5L 5cyl Turbo 6A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$3,273$6,898$8,965
Clean$3,107$6,513$8,418
Average$2,831$5,870$7,507
Rough$2,471$5,034$6,322

The average list price of a used 2012 Volvo S60 in Everett, Washington is $8,300. The average mileage on a used Volvo S60 2012 for sale in Everett, Washington is 106,872. Based on the average mileage of 106,872 for used 2012 Volvo S60 for sale in Everett, WA and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Volvo S60 2012 in Everett, Washington to be $2,831.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius200 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

EV Details

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.