Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
278 listings
  • $11,995
    fair price
    $801 below market
    • 115,255 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Long-Lewis Ford Lincoln (255 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Muscle Shoals, AL / 255 miles away from Macon, GA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN1AZ4FHXCM370175
    Stock: M25BS022Z
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-25-2025

  • New Listing
    $24,990
    good price
    $1,731 below market
    • 25,332 miles
    • No accidents, 5 owners, personal use only
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Carvana - Tampa (350 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Auto Climate Control
    • Alarm
    • Trip Computer
    Close

    Located in Tampa, FL / 350 miles away from Macon, GA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN1AZ4EH3EM636995
    Stock: 2003905154
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-25-2025

  • Price Drop
    $21,998
    fair price
    $731 below market
    • 56,404 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 6cyl automatic
    • CarMax Jacksonville (223 mi away)
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Auto Climate Control
    • Alarm
    • Trip Computer
    Close

    Located in Jacksonville, FL / 223 miles away from Macon, GA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN1AZ4EH1EM637031
    Stock: 27341400
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $14,000
    good price
    $755 below market
    • 111,825 miles
    • 1 accident, 4 owners, personal use only
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Budget City Automotives (56 mi away)
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Auto Climate Control
    • Alarm
    • Trip Computer
    Close

    Located in Conyers, GA / 56 miles away from Macon, GA

    Visit Budget City Automotives, LLC online at www.bcitya.com to see more pictures of this vehicle or call us at 7**-6**-1*** today to schedule your tes...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN1AZ4EH9CM563970
    Stock: JUST-Z-IN-AROUND-ALL-DAY
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-30-2024

  • $13,999
    fair price
    $1,533 below market
    • 76,576 miles
    • 3 accidents, 5 owners, personal use only
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Roadstar Motors (453 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Liberty Township, OH / 453 miles away from Macon, GA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN1AZ4FH0CM370380
    Stock: 370380
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-08-2025

  • Stock photo**
    $14,899
    good price
    $1,180 below market
    • 98,679 miles
    • 3 accidents, 4 owners, personal use only
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Clinkscales Chevrolet (135 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Auto Climate Control
    Close

    Located in Belton, SC / 135 miles away from Macon, GA

    2012 Nissan 370Z Touring Glacier Pearl RWD 3.7L V6 DOHC 24V

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN1AZ4EH3CM563043
    Stock: 5225A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-09-2025

  • $9,977
    fair price
    $668 below market
    • 135,236 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Jenkins Chevrolet of Homosassa (288 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Homosassa, FL / 288 miles away from Macon, GA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN1AZ4FH0AM304280
    Stock: E2329A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-02-2025

  • New Listing
    $16,500
    fair price
    $506 above market
    • 120,393 miles
    • No accidents, 5 owners, personal use
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Kings Toyota (444 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Cincinnati, OH / 444 miles away from Macon, GA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN1AZ4EH0EM632676
    Stock: EM632676
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-26-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 65,913 miles
    • Issue reported, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Hudson Nissan of Charleston (221 mi away)
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Auto Climate Control
    • Alarm
    • Trip Computer
    Close

    Located in Charleston, SC / 221 miles away from Macon, GA

    Priced below KBB Fair Purchase Price! 2014 Nissan 370Z RWD 3.7L V6 DOHC 24V Odometer is 20605 miles below market average! 19/26 City/Highway MPG Low M...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Issue reported

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN1AZ4EH1EM632637
    Stock: WEM632637
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-31-2025

  • New Listing
    $9,499
    good price
    $2,234 below market
    • 146,284 miles
    • 6cyl automatic
    • North Georgia Auto Brokers (68 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Auto Climate Control
    Close

    Located in Snellville, GA / 68 miles away from Macon, GA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN1AZ4EH2AM503870
    Stock: 3879SAM
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $15,995
    fair price
    $509 above market
    • 95,087 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Flemings Motors (354 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Auto Climate Control
    • Alarm
    Close

    Located in Garner, NC / 354 miles away from Macon, GA

    2012 Nissan 370Z Coupe 2D V6, 3.7 Liter Auto, 7-Spd Manual Mode RWDPower Door Locks, Air Conditioning, CD/MP3 (Single Disc), Dual Air Bags, Power Stee...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN1AZ4EH0CM563646
    Stock: 563646
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 11-13-2024

  • Price Drop
    • 37,492 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Brandon Hyundai (352 mi away)
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Auto Climate Control
    • Alarm
    • Trip Computer
    Close

    Located in Tampa, FL / 352 miles away from Macon, GA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN1AZ4FH9CM370944
    Stock: U282047C
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-04-2025

    • 68,331 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 6cyl manual
    • Carvana - Richmond (481 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Auto Climate Control
    Close

    Located in Richmond, VA / 481 miles away from Macon, GA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN1AZ4EH4AM503611
    Stock: 2003870229
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-08-2025

    • 26,441 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 6cyl manual
    • Courtesy Automall (435 mi away)
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Auto Climate Control
    • Alarm
    • Trip Computer
    Close

    Located in Cincinnati, OH / 435 miles away from Macon, GA

    Carfax Certified! Adult Owned and Driven! Well Maintained! Garage Kept! Full Power Equipment! Tilt and Cruise! Keyless Entry! Alloy Wheels!

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN1AZ4EH8CM564429
    Stock: MARCIA
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-05-2025

  • New Listing
    Stock photo**
    $19,500
    fair price
    $155 above market
    • 76,995 miles
    • 2 accidents, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 6cyl automatic
    • West Broad Hyundai (483 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Richmond, VA / 483 miles away from Macon, GA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN1AZ4EH6EM631936
    Stock: 256944A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-14-2025

    • 80,733 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Ray Skillman Auto Center Buick GMC (485 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Indianapolis, IN / 485 miles away from Macon, GA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN1AZ4FH6EM620580
    Stock: G7182
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-18-2025

  • New Listing
    • 67,784 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Air City Motors (480 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Auto Climate Control
    • Alarm
    Close

    Located in Fairborn, OH / 480 miles away from Macon, GA

    GET READY FOR FUN IN THIS ONE* CLEAN CARFAX* LOW MILES* BACKUP CAMERA* BUY WITH CONFIDENCE!**CELEBRATING 34 YEARS IN BUSINESS!**BANK FINANCING AVAILAB...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN1AZ4EH7CM564941
    Stock: 0402
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-23-2025

  • New Listing
    • 47,491 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 6cyl manual
    • HyperCars (390 mi away)
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Auto Climate Control
    • Alarm
    • Trip Computer
    Close

    Located in New Albany, IN / 390 miles away from Macon, GA

    Stillen V3 Supercharger Kit ($7,900 value), authentic 19 SSR Professor TF1 wheels wrapped in new Nitto Invo tires, BC Racing coilovers w/ Swift spring...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN1AZ4EHXCM560804
    Stock: HCC-NISMO
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-13-2025

  • Stock photo**
    • 133,900 miles
    • No accidents, 4 owners, personal use only
    • 6cyl automatic
    • L.G. Financing & Auto Sales (342 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Auto Climate Control
    • Alarm
    Close

    Located in Tampa, FL / 342 miles away from Macon, GA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN1AZ4EH2CM563826
    Stock: 563826
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-16-2025

    • 158,668 miles
    • 1 accident, 4 owners, personal use only
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Atlanta Luxury Motors (87 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Buford, GA / 87 miles away from Macon, GA

    The car is still available. WARRANTY & FINANCEING AVAILBLE, Please visit us at: www.atlantaluxurymotorsinc.com or pass by our dealership. WE HAVE CASH...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN1AZ4EH7CM563904
    Stock: 563904
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-01-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 39,161 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 6cyl manual
    • Hayes Chrysler Jeep Dodge Ram of Baldwin (112 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Baldwin, GA / 112 miles away from Macon, GA

    We are proud to offer this 2012 Nissan 370Z Touring in Pearl White with a Gray interior and 39161 miles. Options Include: Sport Package ($2,830 value)...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (18 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN1AZ4FHXCM370953
    Stock: B441023A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-12-2025

Showing 22 - 42 out of 278 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Nissan 370Z

Read recent reviews for the Nissan 370Z
Overall Consumer Rating
4.5 out of 5 stars43 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 43 reviews
  • 5 star
    (72%)
  • 4 star
    (14%)
  • 3 star
    (9%)
  • 2 star
    (5%)
  • 1 star
    (0%)
5 out of 5 stars

370z - finally...bucket list item checked off!!

Dan, 09/24/2015
2012 Nissan 370Z 2dr Coupe (3.7L 6cyl 6M)
I've wanted a Z car since I was a kid - seeing the 300zs and the progression to this car draws me closer - the lineage is strong and makes the car special in a way only car guys (car people??) would appreciate. I am tired of seeing reviews calling the car rough or loud or whatever...I'm not really sure what folks expect when they make a choice to buy a car like this. Yes, the car is … rough and tumble. The shifter vibrates. The clutch is heavy and abrupt. The engine is coarse and loud....and I love it. This is one of the last true machines that makes you feel connected to the car. It is very mechanical and industrial feeling rather than overly finessed and neutered. It rewards you when you spank it right but can absolutely make you look like a high school kid if you don't focus on your around town shifts. Taking it through the winding wooded roads of connecticut is where this car becomes downright amazing. Hearing the exhaust ricochet through the woods, feeling the car build momentum and feeling the extremely rigid chassis in corners is just a drivers dream situation. And this is what the forum pundits just don't get - there are faster cars, cars that are more comfortable or practical, both, etc but I can't think of another car id rather whip through twisty roads just for the hell of it. This is a built for purpose and BALANCED sports car, not a modified econ-box that brings an heirloom quality to it that is rare in these times. One knock against the car is head room. I am a relatively tall guy (6' and 250lbs) that would prob be given big guy status but not quite big and tall status. Anyhow, my hair brushes against the headliner sometimes and it is a reminder that there is just an 1/8 inch of steel between my head and pavement in the event of a rollover...obviously, I bought the car anyways. Long story short. This is a car for those passionate about cars and driving. If you value comfort or luxury features over sportiness then there are likely better and cheaper cars for you. But if you are a petrol head with apassion for automobiles you will absolutely not be let down - if anything, you will be further amazed by the car with each day. I highly recommend this car with manual because I frankly don't see the point of buying this with an auto no matter how good the auto is (I have a g37x so I know the auto is good) For me, this is truly a bucket list item realized. Thanks to the wife for authorizing what is otherwise an irresponsible purchase....or is it?
Report abuse

Used 2012 Nissan 370Z in Macon, GA Values

Estimated values
2012 Nissan 370Z Touring 2dr Convertible (3.7L 6cyl 7A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$14,370$16,689$18,141
Clean$13,662$15,754$17,008
Average$12,482$14,196$15,119
Rough$10,947$12,171$12,664

The average list price of a used 2012 Nissan 370Z in Macon, Georgia is $18,028. The average mileage on a used Nissan 370Z 2012 for sale in Macon, Georgia is 84,951. Based on the average mileage of 84,951 for used 2012 Nissan 370Z for sale in Macon, GA and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Nissan 370Z 2012 in Macon, Georgia to be $12,482.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Location

Search radius500 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.