Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
111 listings
  • $161,895
    good price
    $8,067 below market
    • 9,259 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 17 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Mercedes-Benz of Naperville (30 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Naperville, IL / 30 miles away from Chicago, IL

    Manufaktur China Blue Non-MetallicSun/MoonroofLeather SeatsNavigation SystemLane Keeping AssistKeyless StartBlack; Leather UpholsteryThis veh...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (17 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: W1NWH1AB3SX006144
    Stock: SX006144
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 05-16-2025

  • $159,995
    fair price
    $6,156 below market
    • 18,913 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 13 City / 16 Hwy MPG
    • Motor Cars of Chicago (34 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Joliet, IL / 34 miles away from Chicago, IL

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    14 Combined MPG (13 City/16 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: W1NYC7HJ1MX420985
    Stock: 5945-TR
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $135,482
    good price
    $7,532 below market
    • 20,107 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 13 City / 16 Hwy MPG
    • Autohaus on Edens (18 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Northbrook, IL / 18 miles away from Chicago, IL

    2023 Mercedes-Benz G-Class G 550 4MATIC Obsidian Black Metallic CARFAX One-Owner. UNLIMITED MILEAGE WARRANTY, Spare Wheel Ring Painted in Obsidian Bla...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    14 Combined MPG (13 City/16 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: W1NYC6BJ6PX474712
    Stock: 65-727A
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 05-19-2025

  • $119,800
    good price
    $9,765 below market
    • 45,219 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 13 City / 15 Hwy MPG
    • Ultimo Motors (28 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Warrenville, IL / 28 miles away from Chicago, IL

    One OwnerClean CarfaxDetailed Carfax Service History4.0L Bi-Turbo V8 Engine577 HP, 627 lb Torque9-Speed Automatic TransmissionAll Wheel DriveDesigno G...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    14 Combined MPG (13 City/15 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WDCYC7HJ4KX316084
    Stock: UN4744
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-22-2025

  • Price Drop
    $115,998
    good price
    $10,332 below market
    • 51,152 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 13 City / 15 Hwy MPG
    • Import Exchange Inc. (27 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Mokena, IL / 27 miles away from Chicago, IL

    The 2019 Mercedes-Benz G-Class AMG G 63 is a luxury SUV that redefines power, sophistication, and off-road capability for drivers who demand the extra...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    14 Combined MPG (13 City/15 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WDCYC7HJ7KX322185
    Stock: I6271
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $131,990
    fair price
    $564 below market
    • 39,860 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 13 City / 15 Hwy MPG
    • Napleton's Auto Werks of Indiana (28 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Schererville, IN / 28 miles away from Chicago, IL

    Heated Leather Seats, Moonroof, Nav System, Rear Air, Hitch, WHEELS: 22 AMG MATTE BLACK CROSS-SP..., HEATED MULTIFUNCTION SPORTS STEERING ..., PARKING...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    14 Combined MPG (13 City/15 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WDCYC7HJ1KX303440
    Stock: 6701Q
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-18-2025

  • $121,800
    fair price
    $850 below market
    • 58,179 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 13 City / 15 Hwy MPG
    • Ultimo Motors (28 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Warrenville, IL / 28 miles away from Chicago, IL

    Original MSRP $163,145.00Clean CarfaxDetailed Carfax Service HistoryFlorida SUV4.0L Bi-Turbo V8 Engine577 HP, 627 lb Torque9-Speed Automatic Transmiss...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    14 Combined MPG (13 City/15 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WDCYC7HJ6KX306639
    Stock: UN4772
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-05-2025

    • 17,351 miles
    • Insurance loss reported, 3 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 13 City / 16 Hwy MPG
    • Chicago Auto Place (22 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Downers Grove, IL / 22 miles away from Chicago, IL

    Thank you for visiting another one of Chicago Auto Place's exclusive listings! CALL US NOW FOR A FREE QUOTE 630-422-1122 FOR MORE PHOTOS VISIT WWW.CHI...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Issue reported

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: Yes

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    14 Combined MPG (13 City/16 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: W1NYC7HJ0MX366627
    Stock: 366627
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-14-2024

    • 34 miles
    • No accidents, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 14 City / 16 Hwy MPG
    • Motor Cars of Chicago (34 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Joliet, IL / 34 miles away from Chicago, IL

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    15 Combined MPG (14 City/16 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: W1NWH5AB8SX040782
    Stock: 5618
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    • 10,425 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 13 City / 16 Hwy MPG
    • The Porsche Exchange (24 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Highland Park, IL / 24 miles away from Chicago, IL

    **G Manufaktur Interior Plus**, **AMG G Manufaktur Exclusive Edition*, ** AMG Carbon Fiber Trim**, AMG® Carbon Fiber/Microfiber Steering Wheel, Armres...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    14 Combined MPG (13 City/16 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: W1NYC7HJ7NX451322
    Stock: P240534A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-08-2024

    • 16,888 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 13 City / 16 Hwy MPG
    • Motor Cars of Chicago (34 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Joliet, IL / 34 miles away from Chicago, IL

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    14 Combined MPG (13 City/16 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: W1NYC7HJ5RX498452
    Stock: 5930
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    • 13,684 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 13 City / 16 Hwy MPG
    • Napleton Westmont Porsche (18 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Westmont, IL / 18 miles away from Chicago, IL

    CARFAX One-Owner. MANUFAKTUR Deep Green 2024 Mercedes-Benz G-Class G 63 AMG® 4MATIC® 4MATIC®AMG NIGHT PACKAGE PLUS, SEAT COMFORT PACKAGE, MANUFAKTUR D...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    14 Combined MPG (13 City/16 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: W1NYC7HJ1RX503047
    Stock: 15255A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-10-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 20,008 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 13 City / 16 Hwy MPG
    • The Porsche Exchange (24 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Highland Park, IL / 24 miles away from Chicago, IL

    **G manufaktur paint, magno**, **AMG Carbon Fiber Trim**, **22" Forged AMG Cross-Spoke Wheels, Black*, **Active Multicontour Seat package Plus*, **Hea...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    14 Combined MPG (13 City/16 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: W1NYC7HJ2PX462361
    Stock: P250468A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-29-2025

    • 13,240 miles
    • No accidents, 4 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 13 City / 16 Hwy MPG
    • Reina International Auto (86 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Brookfield, WI / 86 miles away from Chicago, IL

    2021 Mercedes-Benz AMG G 63 Brabus Widestar Package, Designo Graphite Metalli...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    14 Combined MPG (13 City/16 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: W1NYC7HJXMX398856
    Stock: 8856
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 01-10-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 30,023 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 13 City / 16 Hwy MPG
    • BMW of Barrington (31 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Barrington, IL / 31 miles away from Chicago, IL

    MANUFAKTUR Night Black Magno 2022 Mercedes-Benz G-Class G 63 AMG® 4MATIC® AMG® Carbon Fiber Engine Cover, AMG® Carbon Fiber/Microfiber Steering Wheel,...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    14 Combined MPG (13 City/16 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: W1NYC7HJ5NX449231
    Stock: 168321BA
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-14-2025

  • New Listing
    • 1,622 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 13 City / 16 Hwy MPG
    • Napleton Westmont Porsche (18 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Westmont, IL / 18 miles away from Chicago, IL

    CARFAX One-Owner. Recent Arrival! MANUFAKTUR Dark Olive Green magno 2024 Mercedes-Benz G-Class G 550 4MATIC® 4MATIC®$39,750 FINAL EDITION PACKAGE, $65...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    14 Combined MPG (13 City/16 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: W1NYC6BJ8RX512671
    Stock: 15255B
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-26-2025

    • 72,861 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 13 City / 15 Hwy MPG
    • The Car Haus (25 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Roselle, IL / 25 miles away from Chicago, IL

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    14 Combined MPG (13 City/15 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WDCYC7HJ9KX308613
    Stock: MP08613
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 47,456 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 13 City / 17 Hwy MPG
    • Midwest Highline (74 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Rockford, IL / 74 miles away from Chicago, IL

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    14 Combined MPG (13 City/17 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WDCYC6BJ6KX308541
    Stock: 15166C
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-10-2025

  • Photos not available
    $119,800
    good price
    $6,966 below market
    • 53,800 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 13 City / 15 Hwy MPG
    • Ace Motorworks (24 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Lisle, IL / 24 miles away from Chicago, IL

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    14 Combined MPG (13 City/15 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WDCYC7HJ9LX339409
    Stock: 10400
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 12-13-2024

  • $148,995
    fair price
    $824 above market
    • 24,552 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 13 City / 15 Hwy MPG
    • Cadillac of Naperville (30 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Naperville, IL / 30 miles away from Chicago, IL

    * 2020 MERCEDES BENZ G63 AMG* CARFAX CERTIFIED* MERCEDES DEALER MAINTAINED SINCE NEW* FULLY SERVICED AND INSPECTED WITH NEW TIRES* FLAWLESS EXAMPLE* A...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    14 Combined MPG (13 City/15 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: W1NYC7HJ0LX356131
    Stock: M7730
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-15-2025

  • New Listing
    • 1 mile
    • No accidents, 4 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 13 City / 15 Hwy MPG
    • Drive Now (25 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Schaumburg, IL / 25 miles away from Chicago, IL

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    14 Combined MPG (13 City/15 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WDCYC7HJ3LX334416
    Stock: 334416
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-10-2025

Showing 43 - 63 out of 111 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Mercedes-Benz G-Class

Read recent reviews for the Mercedes-Benz G-Class
Overall Consumer Rating
4.4 out of 5 stars80 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 80 reviews
  • 5 star
    (68%)
  • 4 star
    (23%)
  • 3 star
    (10%)
  • 2 star
    (0%)
  • 1 star
    (0%)
5 out of 5 stars

Don't compare this vehicle to others

Ciro, 10/14/2004
2004 Mercedes-Benz G-Class G500 4WD 4dr SUV (5.0L 8cyl 5A)
I read other reviews and laughed. They expect a square vehicle to be quiet and get good mpg, not. I bought this vehicle because of it's actual ruggedness and the fact that it's a military vehicle in Germany. In other words, a German Hummer. I got exactly what I expected an more. A very tough vehicle with some luxury appointments. Interior noise is minimal for a … square vehicle. It handles like a truck, as it should, since it weighs as much a a large pick-up truck. Gas mileage is actually not that bad if you don't use the 292hp all the time. I've averaged 19mpg in the highway @ 55mph and as high as 17mpg in the city if your light on the gas. But stomp on the pedal and it drinks the fuel.
Report abuse

Used 2025 Mercedes-Benz G-Class in Chicago, IL Values

Estimated values
2025 Mercedes-Benz G-Class G 550 4dr SUV 4WD (3.0L 6cyl Twincharger gas/electric mild hybrid 9A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
OutstandingN/AN/AN/A
CleanN/AN/AN/A
AverageN/AN/AN/A
RoughN/AN/AN/A

The average list price of a used 2025 Mercedes-Benz G-Class in Chicago, Illinois is $158,280. The average mileage on a used Mercedes-Benz G-Class 2025 for sale in Chicago, Illinois is 26,887. Based on the average mileage of 26,887 for used 2025 Mercedes-Benz G-Class for sale in Chicago, IL and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Mercedes-Benz G-Class 2025 in Chicago, Illinois to be N/A.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius100 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.