Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
213 listings
    • 157,100 miles
    • Insurance loss reported, 2 owners, rental vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 16 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Salvage Reseller West (38 mi away)
    • Third-row seating
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Multi-Zone Climate C...
    • Trip Computer
    Close

    Located in Grand Prairie, TX / 38 miles away from McKinney, TX

    This vehicle is located at San Antonio, TX Copart yard. Join our online auctions to see its final price. All purchases must take place online at www.s...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Issue reported

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2D4RN5D12AR354539
    Stock: 53935695
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-30-2025

  • New Listing
    • 257,524 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 17 City / 24 Hwy MPG
    • Salvage Reseller West (38 mi away)
    • Third-row seating
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    • Aux Audio Inputs
    Close

    Located in Grand Prairie, TX / 38 miles away from McKinney, TX

    This vehicle is located at Sun Valley, CA Copart yard. Join our online auctions to see its final price. All purchases must take place online at www.sa...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2D8HN44E89R560273
    Stock: 46276135
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-21-2025

  • New Listing
    • 157,107 miles
    • 2 accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 17 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Salvage Reseller West (38 mi away)
    • Third-row seating
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Multi-Zone Climate C...
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    Close

    Located in Grand Prairie, TX / 38 miles away from McKinney, TX

    This vehicle is located at Graham, WA Copart yard. Join our online auctions to see its final price. All purchases must take place online at www.salvag...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (17 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2D4RN4DG7BR779271
    Stock: 52609765
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 178,053 miles
    • No accidents, 4 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 16 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Blasius Auto Sales (36 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Third-row seating
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Power Liftgate/Trunk
    Close

    Located in Grand Prairie, TX / 36 miles away from McKinney, TX

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2D4RN3D15AR454154
    Stock: 11396
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-17-2025

    • 180,909 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, rental vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 16 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Angel's Auto Group (50 mi away)
    • Third-row seating
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Multi-Zone Climate C...
    • Trip Computer
    Close

    Located in Fort Worth, TX / 50 miles away from McKinney, TX

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2D4RN5D10AR203148
    Stock: 302
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-10-2024

    • Not provided
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 17 City / 24 Hwy MPG
    • McKinney Auto Sales (2 mi away)
    • Third-row seating
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Multi-Zone Climate C...
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    Close

    Located in Mckinney, TX / 2 miles away from McKinney, TX

    Visit McKinney Auto Sales online at www.mckinneyautosales.net to see more pictures of this vehicle or call us at 4**-9**-5*** today to schedule y...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2D4RN4DEXAR171502
    Stock: 308721
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-22-2025

    • 213,002 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 17 City / 24 Hwy MPG
    • AutoNation Chrysler Dodge Jeep Ram North Richland Hills (43 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • Third-row seating
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    • Aux Audio Inputs
    Close

    Located in North Richland Hills, TX / 43 miles away from McKinney, TX

    2Nd Row Fold-In-Floor Bucket Seats3rd Row SeatFront & Rear Easy Clean Floor Mats16" X 6.5" Steel Wheels W/Wheel Covers24F Customer Preferred Order...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2D8HN44HX8R747989
    Stock: 8R747989
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-18-2025

    • 167,521 miles
    • 3 accidents, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 16 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Five Star Ford (44 mi away)
    • Third-row seating
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Power Liftgate/Trunk
    • Multi-Zone Climate C...
    Close

    Located in North Richland Hills, TX / 44 miles away from McKinney, TX

    3.8L OHV V6 ENGINEDEEP CHERRY RED CRYSTAL PEARL

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2D4RN5D19AR389157
    Stock: SEA12494B
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-08-2025

  • New Listing
    • 380,267 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 17 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Salvage Reseller West (38 mi away)
    • Third-row seating
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Multi-Zone Climate C...
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    Close

    Located in Grand Prairie, TX / 38 miles away from McKinney, TX

    This vehicle is located at Wilmer, TX Copart yard. All purchases must take place online at www.salvagereseller.com. Visit our website to learn more.

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (17 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2C4RDGBG7CR198262
    Stock: 55317675
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-21-2025

    • 275,430 miles
    • 1 accident, 5 owners, rental vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 16 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Mega Motors (31 mi away)
    • Third-row seating
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Multi-Zone Climate C...
    • Trip Computer
    Close

    Located in Dallas, TX / 31 miles away from McKinney, TX

    Visit Mega Motors Ducanville to shop our great deals. You can contact us or call 9**-7**-1*** to schedule your test drive today.

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2D4RN5D16AR205390
    Stock: 05390A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-04-2025

  • New Listing
    • 144,562 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 17 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Vandergriff Honda (46 mi away)
    • Third-row seating
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Multi-Zone Climate C...
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    Close

    Located in Arlington, TX / 46 miles away from McKinney, TX

    2013 Dodge Grand Caravan SE Recent Trade-In Vehicle!, Clean Carfax, Bluetooth, Recent oil change, Passed dealer inspection, Vehicle detailed, Best Sel...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (17 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2C4RDGBG3DR809938
    Stock: DR809938A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-17-2025

    • 167,554 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 17 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Salvage Reseller West (38 mi away)
    • Third-row seating
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Multi-Zone Climate C...
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    Close

    Located in Grand Prairie, TX / 38 miles away from McKinney, TX

    This vehicle is located at Anderson, CA Copart yard. All purchases must take place online at www.salvagereseller.com. Visit our website to learn more.

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (17 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2C4RDGCG8DR651269
    Stock: 51532495
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-30-2025

  • New Listing
    • 152,510 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 17 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Salvage Reseller West (38 mi away)
    • Third-row seating
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Multi-Zone Climate C...
    • Rear Bench Seats
    Close

    Located in Grand Prairie, TX / 38 miles away from McKinney, TX

    This vehicle is located at Magna, UT Copart yard. Join our online auctions to see its final price. All purchases must take place online at www.salvage...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (17 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2C4RDGCG0DR751978
    Stock: 57364045
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-17-2025

    • 146,500 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 17 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Salvage Reseller West (38 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Third-row seating
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Grand Prairie, TX / 38 miles away from McKinney, TX

    This vehicle is located at Houston, TX Copart yard. All purchases must take place online at www.salvagereseller.com. Visit our website to learn more.

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (17 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2C4RDGCG7DR726740
    Stock: 51000995
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 236,716 miles
    • No accidents, 6 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 17 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Salvage Reseller West (38 mi away)
    • Third-row seating
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Multi-Zone Climate C...
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    Close

    Located in Grand Prairie, TX / 38 miles away from McKinney, TX

    This vehicle is located at Casper, WY Copart yard. Join our online auctions to see its final price. All purchases must take place online at www.salvag...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (17 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2C4RDGBG7DR530539
    Stock: 55901675
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 183,265 miles
    • Insurance loss reported, 3 owners, rental vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 17 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Salvage Reseller West (38 mi away)
    • Third-row seating
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Parking sensors
    • Power Liftgate/Trunk
    Close

    Located in Grand Prairie, TX / 38 miles away from McKinney, TX

    This vehicle is located at Houston, TX Copart yard. Join our online auctions to see its final price. All purchases must take place online at www.salva...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Issue reported

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (17 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2C4RDGCGXDR739434
    Stock: 57687295
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-19-2025

  • New Listing
    • 137,591 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, rental vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 17 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Salvage Reseller West (38 mi away)
    • Third-row seating
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Multi-Zone Climate C...
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    Close

    Located in Grand Prairie, TX / 38 miles away from McKinney, TX

    This vehicle is located at Fresno, CA Copart yard. All purchases must take place online at www.salvagereseller.com. Visit our website to learn more.

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (17 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2C4RDGCG1ER392738
    Stock: 57670995
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-20-2025

    • 86,177 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 17 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • AutoNet (28 mi away)
    • Third-row seating
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Multi-Zone Climate C...
    • Auto Climate Control
    Close

    Located in Dallas, TX / 28 miles away from McKinney, TX

    The 2012 Dodge Grand Caravan 4dr Wgn Crew Automatic is a top-of-the-line vehicle that offers both style and functionality. With its sleek design and s...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (17 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2C4RDGDG4CR380255
    Stock: 380255
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-15-2025

    • 146,550 miles
    • 1 accident, 5 owners, government vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 17 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Salvage Reseller West (38 mi away)
    • Third-row seating
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Multi-Zone Climate C...
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    Close

    Located in Grand Prairie, TX / 38 miles away from McKinney, TX

    This vehicle is located at Anderson, CA Copart yard. All purchases must take place online at www.salvagereseller.com. Visit our website to learn more.

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (17 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2C4RDGCG1ER433319
    Stock: 55533885
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-13-2025

    • 84,109 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, rental vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 17 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Auto Locators of Texas (15 mi away)
    • Third-row seating
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Power Liftgate/Trunk
    • Multi-Zone Climate C...
    Close

    Located in Plano, TX / 15 miles away from McKinney, TX

    2012 DODGE GRAND CARAVAN SXT HANDICAP SCOTTER AND LIFT LOW MILES SCOOTER INCLUDED HAND DRIVE CONVERSION OPTIONAL Lumbar Support Steering Wheel Control...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (17 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2C4RDGCG0CR329319
    Stock: 329319
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-28-2025

  • New Listing
    • 162,270 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 17 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Salvage Reseller West (38 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Third-row seating
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Grand Prairie, TX / 38 miles away from McKinney, TX

    This vehicle is located at San Martin, CA Copart yard. All purchases must take place online at www.salvagereseller.com. Visit our website to learn mor...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (17 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2C4RDGBG7ER428210
    Stock: 55180395
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 01-05-2025

Showing 1 - 21 out of 213 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Dodge Grand Caravan

Read recent reviews for the Dodge Grand Caravan
Overall Consumer Rating
4 out of 5 stars51 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 51 reviews
  • 5 star
    (45%)
  • 4 star
    (25%)
  • 3 star
    (18%)
  • 2 star
    (12%)
  • 1 star
    (0%)
4.63 out of 5 stars

Don't let the bias fool you

joeinoh, 12/14/2010
2010 Dodge Grand Caravan SXT 4dr Minivan (3.8L 6cyl 6A)
I'm amazed the media, Edmund's included, doesn't rate this vehicle higher in its class. I reviewed minivans extensively when I found out that my wife was pregnant with our third child. After reading a few website reviews I was strongly leaning to Toy/Honda. Claimed reliability issues, build quality and a "warped bumper cover" had me running scared from the Dodge/Chrysler. I tested the … Toy & Honda units & was not impressed. Then I rented a T&C for a weekend road trip. I was entirely impressed. I don't know why this product line gets the bad rap it does. Stow & Go alone sold me on the Dodge. I see Dodge units with over 200k miles all the time. Drive one before you buy a Toy or Honda.
Report abuse

Used 2010 Dodge Grand Caravan in McKinney, TX Values

Estimated values
2010 Dodge Grand Caravan SXT 4dr Minivan (3.8L 6cyl 6A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$1,402$2,361$2,956
Clean$1,332$2,215$2,739
Average$1,215$1,970$2,376
Rough$1,063$1,651$1,906

The average list price of a used 2010 Dodge Grand Caravan in McKinney, Texas is $6,889. The average mileage on a used Dodge Grand Caravan 2010 for sale in McKinney, Texas is 180,736. Based on the average mileage of 180,736 for used 2010 Dodge Grand Caravan for sale in McKinney, TX and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Dodge Grand Caravan 2010 in McKinney, Texas to be $1,215.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Location

Search radius100 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.