Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
613 listings
    • 82,109 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Excellence Auto Direct (336 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Euless, TX / 336 miles away from Wichita, KS

    Excellence Auto Direct is proud to present you with another True Market Priced Pre-Owned Vehicle. This 2019 Cadillac Escalade ESV Luxury is loaded wit...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS3HKJ9KR208391
    Stock: 208391
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-19-2025

  • New Listing
    • 96,775 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Charlotte, NC / 933 miles away from Wichita, KS

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4JKJ1KR404085
    Stock: 2003864574
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-21-2025

  • New Listing
    • 51,220 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from CA to KS*
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Murrieta, CA / 1,149 miles away from Wichita, KS

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS3JKJ9KR354832
    Stock: 27676425
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 54,603 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from CA to KS*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Murrieta, CA / 1,149 miles away from Wichita, KS

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4JKJ7KR373361
    Stock: 26688144
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 52,454 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • Landers Toyota (344 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Little Rock, AR / 344 miles away from Wichita, KS

    Heated Leather Seats, DVD Entertainment System, 3rd Row Seat, Sunroof, Navigation, LPO, ALL-WEATHER FLOOR LINER, 1ST AND... 4x4, Captains Chairs, Trai...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4KKJ2KR404568
    Stock: R404568P
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-23-2025

    • 124,887 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • Piney River Ford (296 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Houston, MO / 296 miles away from Wichita, KS

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4JKJ3KR308703
    Stock: P4116A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-26-2025

  • New Listing
    $128,653
    great price
    $10,068 below market
    • 16,469 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 11 City / 16 Hwy MPG
    • Cable Dahmer Cadillac of Kansas City (171 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Kansas City, MO / 171 miles away from Wichita, KS

    CARFAX One-Owner. 2024 Black Raven Cadillac Escalade ESV V-SeriesCarFax One Owner!, AWD, 16.9 Diagonal OLED Infotainment Screen, 4-Way Power Driver Lu...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    13 Combined MPG (11 City/16 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4SK96RR399116
    Stock: C14252A
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 06-03-2025

  • $167,019
    great price
    $18,833 below market
    • 8,000 miles
    • No accidents, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 11 City / 17 Hwy MPG
    • Bob McCosh Chevrolet Buick GMC (285 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Columbia, MO / 285 miles away from Wichita, KS

    Posted discounts include trade assist rebates and bonus cash. More discounts and rebates are available ( see dealer for qualifications).

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    13 Combined MPG (11 City/17 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS9SR91SR100757
    Stock: 100757
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-23-2025

  • New Listing
    • 53,992 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • McLaughlin Cadillac (449 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Moline, IL / 449 miles away from Wichita, KS

    Certified. 2022 Cadillac Escalade ESV Premium Dark Moon Blue Metallic 4WD 10-Speed Automatic with Overdrive 6.2L V84WD, 2-Speed Active Transfer Case, ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4LKL1NR248017
    Stock: C2594A
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 04-11-2025

    • 4,355 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 18 Hwy MPG
    • Garland Cadillac (335 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Garland, TX / 335 miles away from Wichita, KS

    Certified.CARFAX One-Owner. Clean CARFAX.** Alloy Wheels / Premium Wheels, ** Apple CarPlay / Android Auto, ** Backup Camera / Parking Sensors, ** Blu...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/18 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS9RRL9SR186095
    Stock: SR186095A
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 05-15-2025

  • $28,950
    great price
    $4,356 below market
    • 122,279 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • TrueTruckHD (203 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Turpin, OK / 203 miles away from Wichita, KS

    6.2L V8 Gasoline, ESV(long), Navigation, Heated/cooled Leather Seats, Sunroof, Back-up Camera, Third Row Seating, Power Running Boards, 22" Alloy W...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4JKJ0LR222783
    Stock: 222783
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-16-2025

    • 66,789 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • CAP Enterprises (404 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Sioux Falls, SD / 404 miles away from Wichita, KS

    Low Mileage Super Clean Call 6**-3**-1*** to schedule a showing!

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4KKJ9KR367373
    Stock: 367373
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-12-2025

  • New Listing
    $56,621
    great price
    $7,724 below market
    • 73,289 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Cable Dahmer Cadillac of Kansas City (171 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Kansas City, MO / 171 miles away from Wichita, KS

    CARFAX One-Owner. 2022 Crystal White Tricoat Cadillac Escalade ESV PremiumCarFax One Owner!, 4WD, 16.9 Diagonal OLED Infotainment Screen, 2-Speed Acti...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4LKL9NR192991
    Stock: C14251A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-14-2025

    • 88,213 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • Clement Hyundai (359 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Wentzville, MO / 359 miles away from Wichita, KS

    Recent Arrival! Certified. 4WD. Black Raven 2019 Cadillac Escalade ESV 4D Sport Utility Luxury 6.2L V8 4WD Odometer is 15186 miles below market averag...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4HKJ6KR356012
    Stock: 12831J
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-15-2025

    • 77,461 miles
    • Insurance loss reported, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • Super Sport (151 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Oklahoma City, OK / 151 miles away from Wichita, KS

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Issue reported

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4JKJ2KR342535
    Stock: 33900/7400/400/47
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-05-2025

    • 15,393 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 15 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Garland Cadillac (335 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Third-row seating
    Close

    Located in Garland, TX / 335 miles away from Wichita, KS

    Certified.CARFAX One-Owner. Clean CARFAX.** Alloy Wheels / Premium Wheels, ** Apple CarPlay / Android Auto, ** Backup Camera / Parking Sensors, ** Blu...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (15 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS8KRL2SR151635
    Stock: SR151635A
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 06-21-2025

    • 30,450 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Sewell Ford (488 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Odessa, TX / 488 miles away from Wichita, KS

    For over a century, the Sewell Family has humbly served its clients. Our clients become our friends, and we work to treat them as honored guests in ou...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4NKLXNR146890
    Stock: S506999BC
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-15-2025

    • 81,170 miles
    • Issue reported, 2 owners, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Addison AutoPlex (328 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Addison, TX / 328 miles away from Wichita, KS

    Step into a world of luxury and power with the 2019 Cadillac Escalade ESV Luxury, where sophistication meets performance in a stunning automotive mast...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Issue reported

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS3HKJ7KR402238
    Stock: N6992
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 12-23-2024

    • 46,340 miles
    • 3 accidents, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Excellence Auto Direct (336 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Third-row seating
    Close

    Located in Euless, TX / 336 miles away from Wichita, KS

    Excellence Auto Direct is proud to present you with another True Market Priced Pre-Owned Vehicle. This 2019 Cadillac Escalade ESV is loaded with the f...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS3GKJ0KR193998
    Stock: 193998
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-25-2025

    • 60,037 miles
    • Insurance loss reported, 3 owners, rental vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Kansas Auto Sales (5 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Wichita, KS / 5 miles away from Wichita, KS

    Had damage to the right rear quarter panel, very minumum, air bag were not deployed. has REBUILD TITLE, full warranty on repair, no issues

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Issue reported

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS3HKJ0KR128638
    Stock: 128638
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-21-2024

  • New Listing
    • 131,615 miles
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Dorsey-Jones Buick GMC (155 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in El Reno, OK / 155 miles away from Wichita, KS

    2019 Cadillac Escalade ESV Luxury Black Raven RWD 10-Speed Automatic with Overdrive 6.2L V8It's simple, really; NO Gimmicks - NO Crazy Catch-Phrases -...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS3HKJ0KR122256
    Stock: E42022
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-26-2025

Showing 358 - 378 out of 613 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Cadillac Escalade ESV

Read recent reviews for the Cadillac Escalade ESV
Overall Consumer Rating
4.3 out of 5 stars53 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 53 reviews
  • 5 star
    (60%)
  • 4 star
    (26%)
  • 3 star
    (8%)
  • 2 star
    (4%)
  • 1 star
    (2%)
4.88 out of 5 stars

A Great Luxury SUV

KMGHMG, 08/13/2010
2007 Cadillac Escalade ESV 4dr SUV AWD (6.2L 8cyl 6A)
I couldn't be more pleased with my 2007 Escalade ESV. I can't believe all the negative reviews. I have to think they're not all legit. It's very quiet, the ride is great, the interior and exterior are beautiful, it's solidly built, and it's very safe. We were just rear-ended by an F150 and all we had was a scratch on the rear bumper the size of my thumb. The F150 had $3,000+ damage. … We took a 3,500 mile road trip this summer from TX to the Rockies, and I assure you there is no finer road-trip machine. 17 mpg hwy. We've had one minor problem, which was a seal on the transfer case (under $100), and it has been back to the dealer for repair ONCE since new. This is 100% fact.
Report abuse

Used 2019 Cadillac Escalade ESV in Wichita, KS Values

Estimated values
2019 Cadillac Escalade ESV Luxury 4dr SUV (6.2L 8cyl 10A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$26,277$30,091$33,478
Clean$25,723$29,451$32,761
Average$24,799$28,384$31,565
Rough$23,598$26,998$30,010

The average list price of a used 2019 Cadillac Escalade ESV in Wichita, Kansas is $63,369. The average mileage on a used Cadillac Escalade ESV 2019 for sale in Wichita, Kansas is 63,710. Based on the average mileage of 63,710 for used 2019 Cadillac Escalade ESV for sale in Wichita, KS and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Cadillac Escalade ESV 2019 in Wichita, Kansas to be $24,799.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Location

Search radius500 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.