Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
1,764 listings
  • New Listing
    $18,990
    fair price
    $669 above market
    • 43,454 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 28 City / 33 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Apple Carplay/Androi...
    Close

    Located in Phoenix, AZ / 2,267 miles away from Johnston, RI

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (28 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KNDJ23AU6P7876882
    Stock: 2003791314
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-23-2025

  • $18,998
    fair price
    $321 above market
    • 38,248 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 28 City / 33 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from FL to RI*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Orlando, FL / 1,074 miles away from Johnston, RI

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (28 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KNDJ23AU3P7862681
    Stock: 27606243
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 54,272 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • Enterprise Car Sales (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-Up Camera
    • Cruise Control w/Ste...
    • Lane Following Assis...
    • Power Rear Windows a...
    • Fold Forward Seatbac...
    Close

    Located in Houston, TX / 1,567 miles away from Johnston, RI

    Transfer of vehicle from another location to your neighborhood Enterprise Car Sales may require payment of a non-refundable transfer fee to begin the ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KNDJ23AU8P7858240
    Stock: 7V7F4T
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-07-2025

  • Selling or trading in?

    Know what your car is worth while you shop for your next vehicle.

    See my car’s value
    • 49,784 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 28 City / 33 Hwy MPG
    • Enterprise Car Sales (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Omaha, NE / 1,265 miles away from Johnston, RI

    Transfer of vehicle from another location to your neighborhood Enterprise Car Sales may require payment of a non-refundable transfer fee to begin the ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (28 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KNDJ23AU1P7196419
    Stock: 7VYPKK
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-14-2025

  • New Listing
    • 121,415 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 28 City / 33 Hwy MPG
    • Best Cars R US (160 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Apple Carplay/Androi...
    Close

    Located in Irvington, NJ / 160 miles away from Johnston, RI

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (28 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KNDJ23AU3P7187298
    Stock: 187298
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 40,475 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 28 City / 33 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Richmond, VA / 434 miles away from Johnston, RI

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (28 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KNDJ53AU0P7194068
    Stock: 2003801908
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-11-2025

  • New Listing
    • 30,261 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 28 City / 33 Hwy MPG
    • DiFeo Kia (184 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Apple Carplay/Androi...
    Close

    Located in Lakewood, NJ / 184 miles away from Johnston, RI

    Fusion Black exterior and Black interior. Lane Keeping Assist, Apple CarPlay , Smart Device Integration, iPod/MP3 Input, Back-Up Camera, Bluetooth ....

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (28 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KNDJ23AU4P7874726
    Stock: P7874726T
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-30-2025

  • New Listing
    • 59,010 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • Enterprise Car Sales (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-Up Camera
    • Cruise Control w/Ste...
    • Lane Following Assis...
    • Power Rear Windows a...
    • Fold Forward Seatbac...
    Close

    Located in Mobile, AL / 1,201 miles away from Johnston, RI

    Transfer of vehicle from another location to your neighborhood Enterprise Car Sales may require payment of a non-refundable transfer fee to begin the ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KNDJ23AU8P7198992
    Stock: 7VT3C0
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 12-19-2024

  • Price Drop
    $18,590
    fair price
    $325 above market
    • 44,897 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 28 City / 33 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Apple Carplay/Androi...
    Close

    Located in Sacramento, CA / 2,610 miles away from Johnston, RI

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (28 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KNDJ23AU2P7861473
    Stock: 2003756039
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-22-2025

  • New Listing
    • 40,728 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 28 City / 33 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from VA to RI*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Richmond, VA / 433 miles away from Johnston, RI

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (28 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KNDJ53AU4P7851227
    Stock: 27570305
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 51,954 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • Enterprise Car Sales (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-Up Camera
    • Cruise Control w/Ste...
    • Lane Following Assis...
    • Power Rear Windows a...
    • Fold Forward Seatbac...
    Close

    Located in Pensacola, FL / 1,174 miles away from Johnston, RI

    Transfer of vehicle from another location to your neighborhood Enterprise Car Sales may require payment of a non-refundable transfer fee to begin the ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KNDJ23AU2P7858038
    Stock: 7V1CH9
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-08-2025

    • 62,536 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • Enterprise Car Sales (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-Up Camera
    • Cruise Control w/Ste...
    • Lane Following Assis...
    • Power Rear Windows a...
    • Fold Forward Seatbac...
    Close

    Located in Pensacola, FL / 1,174 miles away from Johnston, RI

    Transfer of vehicle from another location to your neighborhood Enterprise Car Sales may require payment of a non-refundable transfer fee to begin the ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KNDJ23AU0P7852478
    Stock: 7VF2WD
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-07-2025

  • Price Drop
    $18,400
    fair price
    $425 above market
    • 51,635 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 28 City / 33 Hwy MPG
    • Enterprise Car Sales (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Jacksonville, FL / 970 miles away from Johnston, RI

    Transfer of vehicle from another location to your neighborhood Enterprise Car Sales may require payment of a non-refundable transfer fee to begin the ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (28 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KNDJ53AU6P7873732
    Stock: 8DJTVM
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-07-2025

  • New Listing
    • 7,679 miles
    • 5 Seats, 28 City / 33 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from TX to RI*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Richmond, TX / 1,592 miles away from Johnston, RI

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (28 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KNDJ23AU3P7857612
    Stock: 27480469
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 54,981 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 28 City / 33 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Apple Carplay/Androi...
    Close

    Located in Los Angeles, CA / 2,572 miles away from Johnston, RI

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (28 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KNDJ23AU4P7881093
    Stock: 2003485815
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-11-2025

    • 47,895 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, rental vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 28 City / 33 Hwy MPG
    • Enterprise Car Sales (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Gardena, CA / 2,578 miles away from Johnston, RI

    Transfer of vehicle from another location to your neighborhood Enterprise Car Sales may require payment of a non-refundable transfer fee to begin the ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: Yes

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (28 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KNDJ23AU8P7869416
    Stock: 7W08C7
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-24-2025

  • New Listing
    • 48,673 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • Enterprise Car Sales (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    Close

    Located in Pasadena, CA / 2,560 miles away from Johnston, RI

    Transfer of vehicle from another location to your neighborhood Enterprise Car Sales may require payment of a non-refundable transfer fee to begin the ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KNDJ23AU1P7198901
    Stock: 7V9L8J
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-24-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 53,949 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 28 City / 33 Hwy MPG
    • Enterprise Car Sales (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Clermont, FL / 1,082 miles away from Johnston, RI

    Transfer of vehicle from another location to your neighborhood Enterprise Car Sales may require payment of a non-refundable transfer fee to begin the ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (28 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KNDJ23AU7P7875966
    Stock: 7WRJVS
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-13-2025

    • 49,616 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • Enterprise Car Sales (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-Up Camera
    • Cruise Control w/Ste...
    • Lane Following Assis...
    • Power Rear Windows a...
    • Fold Forward Seatbac...
    Close

    Located in Long Beach, CA / 2,574 miles away from Johnston, RI

    Transfer of vehicle from another location to your neighborhood Enterprise Car Sales may require payment of a non-refundable transfer fee to begin the ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KNDJ23AU1P7860248
    Stock: 7V2L9P
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-24-2025

    • 51,334 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • Enterprise Car Sales (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-Up Camera
    • Cruise Control w/Ste...
    • Lane Following Assis...
    • Power Rear Windows a...
    • Fold Forward Seatbac...
    Close

    Located in Aurora, IL / 860 miles away from Johnston, RI

    Transfer of vehicle from another location to your neighborhood Enterprise Car Sales may require payment of a non-refundable transfer fee to begin the ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KNDJ23AUXP7880255
    Stock: 7WRWMV
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-13-2025

  • New Listing
    $18,799
    fair price
    $595 above market
    • 53,759 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 28 City / 33 Hwy MPG
    • Enterprise Car Sales (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Los Angeles, CA / 2,580 miles away from Johnston, RI

    Transfer of vehicle from another location to your neighborhood Enterprise Car Sales may require payment of a non-refundable transfer fee to begin the ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (28 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KNDJ53AUXP7849093
    Stock: 7VB995
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-19-2025

Showing 1,429 - 1,449 out of 1,764 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Kia Soul

Read recent reviews for the Kia Soul
Overall Consumer Rating
4.4 out of 5 stars99 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 99 reviews
  • 5 star
    (69%)
  • 4 star
    (13%)
  • 3 star
    (10%)
  • 2 star
    (3%)
  • 1 star
    (5%)
5 out of 5 stars

Great vehicle, very happy

Scott F, 10/30/2015
2016 Kia Soul + 4dr Wagon (2.0L 4cyl 6A)
We just purchased a 2016 Kia Soul.. After giving several makes and model's much consideration and alot of research we test drove the Soul. My wife and I love it.. Why ? For one this car has a great smooth ride for such a short wheelbase. It's surprisingly quiet as well. We traded a 2011 Hyundai Sonata for this and although it never gave us any trouble this Kia out performed the Sonata … in ride and noise level. The base model which we bought has alot of great feature's for the money. The visiblity out of the window's is nice. Your a little higher off the ground than the new sedan's out there. As for the storage space there is plenty for a little car. No, your not going to haul lumber home with it but the rear storage compartment is well thought out. My wife has back problem's and the vehicle height is just right. You don't have to get "down into it". or climb up either. The seat's are firm yet comfortable. It come's with a great warranty as well. Acceleration- It's no speed demon unless you floor it but we were'nt looking for that . At take off it's a little slow at first but does well just the same. The braking is responsive and handling is nice too. There are three levels of steering sensitivity you can control with one button while your driving. Comfort, which give's the steering wheel a more luxury car feeling,, medium,, and sport for a quicker response. It has bluetooth and a ton of nice features in the radio. I'm 54 and have owned everything from 70's Cadillac land yacht's to pickup truck's and I have to say that in initial quality and and all around comfort the Kia Soul is suprisingly smooth and comfortable. It's just plain fun and economical to drive.. UPDATED !! It's been 7 months and we still love this car !! No problem's or complaint's .. Very happy !! UPDATE !! It's been just over one year and nothings changed.. Still a great car !
Report abuse

FAQ

What is a good price for a used 2016 Kia Soul?

According to Edmunds.com's True Market Value calculations, the retail price of a used 2016 Kia Soul's most popular trim, in great condition with 84,000 miles on its odometer, is $13,669. Prices vary by trim, region and options included.

What engine options are available on the 2016 Kia Soul?

The 2016 Kia Soul is offered with two different engines. The base Soul has a 1.6-liter four-cylinder with 130 horsepower and 118 pound-feet of torque, and the Soul+ and ! models have a 2.0-liter four-cylinder that puts out 164 hp and 151 lb-ft of torque.
Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius200 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.