Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
15,250 listings
  • $17,992
    fair price
    $237 below market
    • 109,664 miles
    • 1 accident, 3 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 16 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • Bob Allen Nissan (282 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Auto Climate Control
    Close

    Located in Danville, KY / 282 miles away from Baxter, WV

    Black Clearcoat 2016 Jeep Wrangler Unlimited Sahara 4WD 5-Speed Automatic 3.6L V6 24V VVT *Bluetooth*, Special Financing Available!, **Apple CarPlay**...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4BJWEG9GL292058
    Stock: M25211A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-27-2025

  • New Listing
    Stock photo**
    $14,950
    good price
    $1,498 below market
    • 119,879 miles
    • 4 Seats, 17 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • Fritz in Fishers (313 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    • Hardtop
    Close

    Located in Fishers, IN / 313 miles away from Baxter, WV

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (17 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4GJWAG2GL113743
    Stock: 13289
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-25-2025

  • New Listing
    Stock photo**
    $23,943
    fair price
    $434 below market
    • 89,885 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 17 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Hubler Chevrolet (319 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Indianapolis, IN / 319 miles away from Baxter, WV

    PRICE DROP FROM $25,995, $8,300 below J.D. Power Retail! Clean. Heated Leather Seats, Brake Actuated Limited Slip Differential, Dual Zone A/C, CD Play...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4HJXEG5JW233028
    Stock: 260155A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-22-2025

  • Appraise
    my car

    Get the Edmunds appraisal report and a no-obligation offer for your car

    See my car’s value
  • Price Drop
    $20,000
    fair price
    $222 above market
    • 98,668 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 16 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • Lakeside Automotive Group (396 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Spring Lake, MI / 396 miles away from Baxter, WV

    2016 Jeep Wrangler Unlimited Sahara Bright White Clearcoat ***4X4***, ***GPS NAVIGATON***, ***BACKUP CAMERA***, ***BLUETOOTH/HANDS-FREE***, Wrangler U...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4BJWEG7GL113855
    Stock: 8432
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-03-2025

  • $13,488
    fair price
    $127 below market
    • 195,999 miles
    • 5 accidents, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 16 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • Cox Chrysler Dodge Jeep Ram (243 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Upgraded Stereo
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Burlington, NC / 243 miles away from Baxter, WV

    Summary- 4x4 ... - EXTENDED WARRANTY / MAINTENANCE PROTECTION AVAILABLE ...PackagesMax Tow Package: Class II Receiver Hitch; Trail...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4BJWDG6GL307049
    Stock: S1211C
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-13-2025

  • New Listing
    $22,990
    fair price
    $727 above market
    • 84,087 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, government vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 16 City / 21 Hwy MPG, Manual
    • Carvana - Baltimore (192 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Upgraded Stereo
    Close

    Located in Baltimore, MD / 192 miles away from Baxter, WV

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4BJWFGXGL290379
    Stock: 2003905570
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-21-2025

  • New Listing
    $18,994
    fair price
    $550 above market
    • 100,998 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 16 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • Zeigler Honda of Racine (462 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Mount Pleasant, WI / 462 miles away from Baxter, WV

    CLEAN CARFAX!4WD, NAVIGATION, REMOTE START, LEATHER INTERIOR, HEATED SEATS, TOW PACKAGE, BACKUP CAMERA, KEYLESS ENTRY, BLUETOOTH, 18" x 7.5" Polish...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4BJWEG2GL103668
    Stock: 68767B
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-21-2025

  • New Listing
    $26,563
    good price
    $1,743 below market
    • 69,255 miles
    • 1 accident, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats
    • Bob Rohrman Kia (360 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Lafayette, IN / 360 miles away from Baxter, WV

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4HJXENXJW232438
    Stock: LK3248B
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-06-2025

  • New Listing
    $21,990
    fair price
    $927 above market
    • 114,356 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats
    • Carvana - Charlotte (300 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Charlotte, NC / 300 miles away from Baxter, WV

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4HJXEN3JW213701
    Stock: 2003863413
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-03-2025

  • $15,999
    fair price
    $524 above market
    • 114,166 miles
    • 1 accident, 4 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 16 City / 21 Hwy MPG, Manual
    • Grayson Subaru (329 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    • Hardtop
    Close

    Located in Knoxville, TN / 329 miles away from Baxter, WV

    REDUCED FROM $17,999! Brake Actuated Limited Slip Differential, CD Player, iPod/MP3 Input, BLACK 3-PIECE HARD TOP, 4x4. READ MORE!KEY FEATURES INCLU...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4BJWDG6GL280127
    Stock: 141301H
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-15-2025

  • $19,975
    fair price
    $502 above market
    • 122,384 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 17 City / 23 Hwy MPG, Manual
    • Terry Subaru (156 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Lynchburg, VA / 156 miles away from Baxter, WV

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4HJXDGXJW314088
    Stock: VAP12081A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-31-2025

  • $22,584
    fair price
    $525 above market
    • 75,362 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 16 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • Burns Chevrolet (319 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Alarm
    Close

    Located in Rock Hill, SC / 319 miles away from Baxter, WV

    EquipmentThe Jeep Wrangler has satellite radio capabilities. Bluetooth technology is built into this unit, keeping your hands on the steering ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4BJWDG9GL222853
    Stock: 400713A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-25-2025

  • $18,999
    fair price
    $898 above market
    • 111,266 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 16 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • Roy Schmidt Honda (451 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Effingham, IL / 451 miles away from Baxter, WV

    EquipmentStart this mid-size suv from inside with remote start. This model features a hands-free Bluetooth phone system. This Jeep Wrangler ke...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4BJWEG2GL163224
    Stock: P2981A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-11-2025

    • 48,280 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 16 City / 21 Hwy MPG, Manual
    • Carvana - Buffalo (238 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Buffalo, NY / 238 miles away from Baxter, WV

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4HJWFG6GL310346
    Stock: 2003830050
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-04-2025

  • New Listing
    Stock photo**
    $21,000
    fair price
    $116 below market
    • 70,041 miles
    • No accidents, 4 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 16 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • M&L Chrysler Dodge Jeep Ram (256 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Alarm
    Close

    Located in Lexington, NC / 256 miles away from Baxter, WV

    Clean CARFAX. Priced below KBB Fair Purchase Price! Recent Arrival!This 2016 Hydro Blue Pearl Coat Jeep Wrangler Unlimited Sport 4WD is well equipped...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4BJWDGXGL166230
    Stock: 5022PA
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-24-2025

  • $20,495
    fair price
    $767 above market
    • 122,261 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 17 City / 23 Hwy MPG, Manual
    • Stream Auto Outlet Islip (375 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Islip, NY / 375 miles away from Baxter, WV

    2018 Jeep Wrangler Unlimited Sahara Black Clearcoat 6-Speed Manual Clean CARFAX.All pricing and details on this website are believed to be accurate...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4HJXEG4JW132580
    Stock: KW922
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-16-2025

  • $24,132
    fair price
    $717 above market
    • 101,869 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 17 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Asheville Ford (307 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Asheville, NC / 307 miles away from Baxter, WV

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4HJXEG9JW125396
    Stock: AS894320A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-24-2025

  • $27,890
    fair price
    $1,026 below market
    • 53,691 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 16 City / 21 Hwy MPG, Manual
    • Sam Pierce Chevrolet (289 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Upgraded Stereo
    Close

    Located in Daleville, IN / 289 miles away from Baxter, WV

    2 Years of Free Maintenance!* The best Chevy deals are in the country! Virtual Tour of Vehicle: We will use live interactive video chat to give you a ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4BJWFG7GL182950
    Stock: A8744B
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-04-2025

  • Price Drop
    $24,095
    fair price
    $747 above market
    • 72,351 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 4 Seats
    • Drive Time Bedford (149 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Maple Heights, OH / 149 miles away from Baxter, WV

    Shop at DriveTime: Get started on your personalized car-buying journey today. With no credit impact, you can get approved for your real, personalized ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4GJXAN5JW273271
    Stock: 1420076332
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-04-2025

  • Price Drop
    $18,549
    fair price
    $197 above market
    • 86,689 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 16 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • Volkswagen of Muskegon (401 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    • Towing Hitch
    Close

    Located in Muskegon, MI / 401 miles away from Baxter, WV

    Passed My Auto Import rigorous pre-delivery Inspection, Professionally detailed for delivery, Full tank of fuel for delivery, Professionally Maintaine...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4BJWDG8GL132092
    Stock: P13644
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-01-2025

  • $19,999
    fair price
    $390 above market
    • 86,447 miles
    • No accidents, 4 owners, personal use only
    • 4 Seats, 17 City / 21 Hwy MPG, Manual
    • Byerly Nissan (318 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Louisville, KY / 318 miles away from Baxter, WV

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (17 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4AJWBG9GL236119
    Stock: NP8247
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-19-2025

Showing 610 - 630 out of 15,250 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Jeep Wrangler

Read recent reviews for the Jeep Wrangler
Overall Consumer Rating
4 out of 5 stars49 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 49 reviews
  • 5 star
    (49%)
  • 4 star
    (24%)
  • 3 star
    (10%)
  • 2 star
    (8%)
  • 1 star
    (8%)
2 out of 5 stars

It’s In The Heat!

Frustrated Owner, 07/15/2018
2017 Jeep Wrangler Unlimited Sahara 4dr SUV 4WD (3.6L 6cyl 6M)
I purchased a brand new 2017 Jeep Wrangler Unlimited Sahara with a manual transmission in January of 2017. The reverse failed immediately. I could use it as long as I held the stick in place. If I didn’t, it pooped out of reverse. They “fixed” it last summer, but it didn’t fix. I took it back this summer to get it fixed again and it needs a new transmission, which is, unbelievably, NOT … attainable. It’s been parked in the back lot of the dealership, in the desert sun, for 46 days and counting. I’ve filed a claim with the company and get a phone call once a week so they can inform me that they still have no ETA for a transmission. They are “hoping” they can get one in August!
Report abuse

FAQ

What is a good price for a used 2017 Jeep Wrangler?

According to Edmunds.com's True Market Value calculations, the retail price of a used 2017 Jeep Wrangler's most popular trim, the Unlimited Sport, in great condition with 72,000 miles on its odometer, is $27,079. Prices vary by trim, region and options included.

What engine is available in the 2017 Jeep Wrangler?

The 2017 Jeep Wrangler is available with a 3.6 L-liter gas engine, with output up to 285 hp, depending on engine type.
Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius500 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.