Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
194 listings
  • New Listing
    $44,990
    fair price
    $35 below market
    • 28,936 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Oklahoma City, OK / 673 miles away from Lafayette, IN

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (18 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WA1VXAF76MD034206
    Stock: 2003664302
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-21-2025

  • $18,794
    fair price
    $681 above market
    • 97,396 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Car Planet (86 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Heated seats
    • Navigation
    Close

    Located in Chicago Heights, IL / 86 miles away from Lafayette, IN

    Visit Car Planet online at gocarplanet.com to see more pictures of this vehicle or call us at 7**-2**-0*** today to schedule your test drive.

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WA1LAAF77HD025450
    Stock: CQ375
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 12-25-2024

  • $20,484
    fair price
    $493 above market
    • 93,703 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Car Planet (86 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Chicago Heights, IL / 86 miles away from Lafayette, IN

    Visit Car Planet online at gocarplanet.com to see more pictures of this vehicle or call us at 7**-2**-0*** today to schedule your test drive.

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WA1LAAF79KD046338
    Stock: CQ372
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 12-19-2024

  • Price Drop
    $47,845
    fair price
    $766 above market
    • 34,746 miles
    • No accidents, personal use
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Napleton River Oaks Cadillac (90 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Calumet City, IL / 90 miles away from Lafayette, IN

    Mythos Black Metallic exterior and Black interior. Heated Leather Seats, 3rd Row Seat, Navigation, Sunroof, PREMIUM PLUS PACKAGE, Alloy Wheels, Turbo ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WA1LXBF75RD007891
    Stock: P4901
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-22-2025

  • Advertisement
    Also Consider

    3 Offers Nearby

    2025 Lincoln Aviator
    $58,995
    starting MSRP
    • 6 Colors
    • 3 Trims
    • 2 Packages
    View Offers 
    *Current MSRP for base vehicle. Excludes destination/delivery fee plus government fees and taxes, any finance charges, any retailer processing charge, any electronic filing charge, and any emission testing charge. Optional equipment not included. Starting A, Z and X Plan price is for qualified, eligible clients and excludes document fee, destination/delivery charge, taxes, title and registration. Not all vehicles qualify for A, Z or X Plan.
    • 71,025 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Urbandale, IA / 368 miles away from Lafayette, IN

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,Rare Find,3rd Row Seat,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Hands-Free Liftgate,Heated ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WA1AAAF75KD013909
    Stock: KD013909M
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 62,861 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Richmond, VA / 531 miles away from Lafayette, IN

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WA1LAAF72KD034385
    Stock: 2003571994
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-26-2025

    • 41,433 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Dallas, TX / 760 miles away from Lafayette, IN

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (18 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WA1LXAF70MD018946
    Stock: 2003661631
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-25-2025

  • New Listing
    • 68,014 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Heated seats
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Charlotte, NC / 487 miles away from Lafayette, IN

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WA1VAAF70JD048051
    Stock: 2003599757
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-27-2025

  • Advertisement
    Also Consider

    3 Offers Nearby

    2025 Lincoln Aviator
    $58,995
    starting MSRP
    • 6 Colors
    • 3 Trims
    • 2 Packages
    View Offers 
    *Current MSRP for base vehicle. Excludes destination/delivery fee plus government fees and taxes, any finance charges, any retailer processing charge, any electronic filing charge, and any emission testing charge. Optional equipment not included. Starting A, Z and X Plan price is for qualified, eligible clients and excludes document fee, destination/delivery charge, taxes, title and registration. Not all vehicles qualify for A, Z or X Plan.
  • $19,945
    fair price
    $771 below market
    • 79,091 miles
    • 2 accidents, 3 owners, personal use
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Car Planet (86 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Heated seats
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Chicago Heights, IL / 86 miles away from Lafayette, IN

    Visit Car Planet online at gocarplanet.com to see more pictures of this vehicle or call us at 7**-2**-0*** today to schedule your test drive.

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WA1VAAF7XHD046155
    Stock: CQ084
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 01-30-2024

  • New Listing
    • 50,411 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Boston, MA / 828 miles away from Lafayette, IN

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WA1AJAF7XMD039523
    Stock: 2003638050
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-29-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 38,156 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Los Angeles, CA / 1,774 miles away from Lafayette, IN

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,CarFax 1-Owner,3rd Row Seat,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Hands-Free Liftgate,He...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WA1AJBF71ND011827
    Stock: ZA2011827F
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    Stock photo**
    $20,991
    fair price
    $927 below market
    • 100,532 miles
    • 2 accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Premier Auto Exchange (87 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Chicago Heights, IL / 87 miles away from Lafayette, IN

    Premier Auto Exchange RJ 135 North Halsted St. Chicago Heights, IL 60*** 7**-7**-4537 "Got a job? Get a Car. That Simple." We have Guaranteed Credit A...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WA1VAAF77KD014903
    Stock: I980
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-19-2025

  • Advertisement
    Also Consider

    3 Offers Nearby

    2025 Lincoln Aviator
    $58,995
    starting MSRP
    • 6 Colors
    • 3 Trims
    • 2 Packages
    View Offers 
    *Current MSRP for base vehicle. Excludes destination/delivery fee plus government fees and taxes, any finance charges, any retailer processing charge, any electronic filing charge, and any emission testing charge. Optional equipment not included. Starting A, Z and X Plan price is for qualified, eligible clients and excludes document fee, destination/delivery charge, taxes, title and registration. Not all vehicles qualify for A, Z or X Plan.
  • Price Drop
    • 36,499 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Coral Springs, FL / 1,048 miles away from Lafayette, IN

    Rare Find,3rd Row Seat,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Hands-Free Liftgate,Heated Seats,Heated Steering Wheel,K...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WA1LJBF70ND016073
    Stock: SPND016073
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $39,349
    fair price
    $237 below market
    • 44,749 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Enterprise Car Sales (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Elmwood Park, NJ / 668 miles away from Lafayette, IN

    Transfer of vehicle from another location to your neighborhood Enterprise Car Sales may require payment of a non-refundable transfer fee to begin the ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (18 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WA1LXBF7XPD008130
    Stock: 8D4PFN
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-27-2025

    • 55,412 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Rockwall, TX / 739 miles away from Lafayette, IN

    Rare Find,3rd Row Seat,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Hands-Free Liftgate,Heated Seats,Heated Steering Wheel,K...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (18 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WA1AXBF76ND002880
    Stock: ND002880P
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $15,500
    fair price
    $931 above market
    • 93,226 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Village Auto Mart (80 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Portage, IN / 80 miles away from Lafayette, IN

    2014 Audi Q7 Premium Plus AWD TDI 1 Owner Turbo Diesel!!! Only 93k miles / 3.0L TDI / AISIN Automatic Transmission Recent Continental Tires all around...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WA1LMAFE8ED013678
    Stock: 013678
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 10-25-2024

  • Advertisement
    Also Consider

    3 Offers Nearby

    2025 Lincoln Aviator
    $58,995
    starting MSRP
    • 6 Colors
    • 3 Trims
    • 2 Packages
    View Offers 
    *Current MSRP for base vehicle. Excludes destination/delivery fee plus government fees and taxes, any finance charges, any retailer processing charge, any electronic filing charge, and any emission testing charge. Optional equipment not included. Starting A, Z and X Plan price is for qualified, eligible clients and excludes document fee, destination/delivery charge, taxes, title and registration. Not all vehicles qualify for A, Z or X Plan.
  • $18,990
    fair price
    $577 above market
    • 103,685 miles
    • 3 accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Pyramids Auto Sales (56 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Heated seats
    • Navigation
    Close

    Located in Indianapolis, IN / 56 miles away from Lafayette, IN

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WA1LABF72JD023455
    Stock: 023455
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 01-18-2025

  • New Listing
    $10,990
    fair price
    $92 above market
    • 117,926 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Americars (94 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Mishawaka, IN / 94 miles away from Lafayette, IN

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WA1LGAFE7ED012819
    Stock: 012819
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-25-2025

  • $13,995
    fair price
    $324 above market
    • 85,435 miles
    • 2 accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Route 6 Auto Max (93 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Markham, IL / 93 miles away from Lafayette, IN

    WWW.ROUTE6AUTOMAX.COM APPLY NOW 1ST TIME BUYER PROGRAMS PRICED TO SELL BIG SCREEN BACK UP CAMERA NAVIGATION AWD QUATTEO 3RD ROW PANORAMIC SUNROOF LUG...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WA1LGAFE9ED009842
    Stock: 009842
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-12-2024

  • $23,910
    fair price
    $113 above market
    • 75,183 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Los Angeles, CA / 1,773 miles away from Lafayette, IN

    3rd Row Seat,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Hands-Free Liftgate,Heated Seats,Keyless Start,Leather Seats,Navig...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WA1LAAF78KD012276
    Stock: 5404889-1
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 78,352 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Momax Auto Sales (2 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Heated seats
    • Navigation
    Close

    Located in Lafayette, IN / 2 miles away from Lafayette, IN

    Visit Momax Auto Sales online at momaxauto.com to see more pictures of this vehicle or call us at 7**-4**-9*** today to schedule your test drive.

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WA1LAAF76HD026573
    Stock: 026573
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 10-05-2024

;
Showing 127 - 147 out of 194 listings
Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius100 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.