Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
615 listings

Save with Porsche Cayenne rebates
Check your savings potential before you buy

  • New Listing
    $38,580
    good price
    $2,455 below market
    • 54,069 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 18 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Verona, NJ / 2,435 miles away from Bakersfield, CA

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,Rare Find,Back-Up Camera,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Keyless Start,Leather Seats,Navigation System,Satellite Radio,Sunroof / M...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (18 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AB2AYXKDA62689
    Stock: MAJ3559
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $39,880
    good price
    $4,260 below market
    • 53,142 miles
    • No accidents, 5 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Carbeeco (134 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Costa Mesa, CA / 134 miles away from Bakersfield, CA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2AY1KDA02724
    Stock: RA02724
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $28,000
    great price
    $5,130 below market
    • 98,610 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 18 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Troy, MI / 1,971 miles away from Bakersfield, CA

    Rare Find,Back-Up Camera,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Keyless Start,Leather Seats,Navigation System,Satellite Radio,Sunroof / Moonroof,Turbo/Supercharged,Wi...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (18 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AB2AY3KDA64610
    Stock: KDA64610PH
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $24,500
    great price
    $2,974 below market
    • 96,135 miles
    • 1 accident, 3 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Deboss Motors (132 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Costa Mesa, CA / 132 miles away from Bakersfield, CA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2AY7KDA00945
    Stock: 3512
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    Stock photo**
    $43,998
    good price
    $4,220 below market
    • 47,531 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Porsche South Bay (108 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Hawthorne, CA / 108 miles away from Bakersfield, CA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2AY7KDA11654
    Stock: SK271758A
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 06-27-2025

  • New Listing
    $26,999
    good price
    $2,919 below market
    • 71,751 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 17 City / 24 Hwy MPG
    • Globul Cars (219 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Las Vegas, NV / 219 miles away from Bakersfield, CA

    ?? EXTENDED WARRANTIES AVAILABLE ON ALL UNITS!?? ALL FINANCING OPTIONS AVAILABLE!?? ALL CREDIT TYPES APPROVED -NO CREDIT, BAD CREDIT, NO DRIVER'S LICE...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (17 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AB2A24HLA50175
    Stock: a50175
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $47,590
    fair price
    $1,945 below market
    • 14,391 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 16 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana - Phoenix (414 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Phoenix, AZ / 414 miles away from Bakersfield, CA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AD2A21HLA82253
    Stock: 2003829190
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-21-2025

  • Price Drop
    $25,950
    good price
    $3,026 below market
    • 98,796 miles
    • 1 accident, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • 7 Star Auto Sales (261 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Sacramento, CA / 261 miles away from Bakersfield, CA

    Are you ready to feel like a boss on the road? Introducing the 2019 Porsche Cayenne in the stunning Carrara White Metallic exterior, because why settl...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2AY2KDA02523
    Stock: B532
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-29-2025

  • Price Drop
    $27,996
    good price
    $1,820 below market
    • 70,630 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Lexus of Serramonte (250 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Colma, CA / 250 miles away from Bakersfield, CA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2AY1KDA06272
    Stock: TKDA06272
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-16-2025

  • New Listing
    Stock photo**
    $44,991
    fair price
    $2,840 below market
    • 51,156 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 18 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Lexus of Thousand Oaks (85 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Thousand Oaks, CA / 85 miles away from Bakersfield, CA

    OPTION PACKAGESPREMIUM PACKAGE: Ambient Lighting, 7 light schemes in the roof console, the front and rear door panels and in front and rear footwells ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (18 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AB2AYXKDA62840
    Stock: DA62840A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-27-2025

  • Price Drop
    $26,500
    good price
    $2,586 below market
    • 52,647 miles
    • 1 accident, 4 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats
    • Future Auto Sales (96 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Glendale, CA / 96 miles away from Bakersfield, CA

    Our Low Mileage 2017 Porsche Cayenne S E-Hybrid AWD offered in White offers sensational performance and versatility with the efficiency of a plug-in H...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (N/A City/N/A Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AE2A23HLA68500
    Stock: 21710
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-18-2025

    • 49,808 miles
    • 1 accident, 3 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats
    • MDK International (90 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Burbank, CA / 90 miles away from Bakersfield, CA

    2017 Porsche Cayenne S Hybrid Platinum Edition Exterior and Interior Exterior Color: Carrara White Metallic Interior Color: Luxor Beige / Blac...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (N/A City/N/A Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AE2A20HLA74626
    Stock: A74626
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $46,590
    fair price
    $2,843 below market
    • 35,543 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 18 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Indianapolis, IN / 1,812 miles away from Bakersfield, CA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (18 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AB2AY6KDA64567
    Stock: 2003683507
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-05-2025

  • $32,850
    fair price
    $1,130 below market
    • 73,069 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Apex Autonet (102 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Alhambra, CA / 102 miles away from Bakersfield, CA

    NO HIDDEN FEES or DEALER MARK-UP *** Well maintained! Clean car inside and out *** No Accident! CLEAN CARFAX! Guaranteed CLEAN TITLE *** *** BUY WITH ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2AY6KDA13394
    Stock: APEX25527
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-21-2025

  • $23,979
    fair price
    $457 below market
    • 75,548 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 17 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Car Lux Inc (106 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Lennox, CA / 106 miles away from Bakersfield, CA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2A20HKA90925
    Stock: 225183
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $57,500
    fair price
    $1,218 below market
    • 58,574 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 15 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • PM Auto Group (205 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in San Diego, CA / 205 miles away from Bakersfield, CA

    For Sale: 2019 Porsche Cayenne Turbo $145K MSRP | Loaded | 58,574 MilesDrive in ultimate luxury and performance with this 2019 Porsche Cayenne Turbo, ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (15 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AF2AY1KDA80373
    Stock: A80373
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-05-2025

  • New Listing
    • 67,726 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Dallas, TX / 1,281 miles away from Bakersfield, CA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2AYXKDA11910
    Stock: 2003635948
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-09-2025

  • $36,998
    fair price
    $1,875 below market
    • 46,140 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from GA to CA*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Columbus, GA / 1,951 miles away from Bakersfield, CA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2AY1KDA10385
    Stock: 27049638
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $41,990
    fair price
    $715 below market
    • 31,881 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Oklahoma City, OK / 1,207 miles away from Bakersfield, CA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2AY4KDA11563
    Stock: 2003748561
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-20-2025

  • New Listing
    • 58,012 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Dallas, TX / 1,281 miles away from Bakersfield, CA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2AY8KDA02610
    Stock: 2003826881
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-24-2025

  • New Listing
    • 56,276 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from TX to CA*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in McKinney, TX / 1,282 miles away from Bakersfield, CA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2AY6KDA09023
    Stock: 27073592
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

Showing 316 - 336 out of 615 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Porsche Cayenne

Read recent reviews for the Porsche Cayenne
Overall Consumer Rating
4 out of 5 stars30 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 30 reviews
  • 5 star
    (60%)
  • 4 star
    (13%)
  • 3 star
    (7%)
  • 2 star
    (3%)
  • 1 star
    (17%)
1 out of 5 stars

Car breaking safety issue

DefectivePorscheBuyer, 04/29/2021
2020 Porsche Cayenne S 4dr SUV AWD (2.9L 6cyl Turbo 8A)
My new Cayenne 2020 S had three different issues within the first week. The are four (4) different rattling noises, a dangerous braking issue (sudden jolts forward when you're trying to slow down) and an app that rarely connects. I'm now fighting with the dealership as they say these issues are "normal". Suffice to say, I've filed a complaint with the NHTSA and will pursue other legal … and non-legal means until they resolve this. I would strongly recommend not buying the Cayenne. The breaking issue simply makes it unsafe.
Report abuse

Used 2019 Porsche Cayenne in Bakersfield, CA Values

Estimated values
2019 Porsche Cayenne S 4dr SUV AWD (2.9L 6cyl Turbo 8A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$32,034$36,271$40,033
Clean$31,358$35,499$39,175
Average$30,232$34,214$37,744
Rough$28,768$32,543$35,885

The average list price of a used 2019 Porsche Cayenne in Bakersfield, California is $35,689. The average mileage on a used Porsche Cayenne 2019 for sale in Bakersfield, California is 60,068. Based on the average mileage of 60,068 for used 2019 Porsche Cayenne for sale in Bakersfield, CA and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Porsche Cayenne 2019 in Bakersfield, California to be $30,232.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius500 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

EV Details

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.