Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
299 listings
    • 8,429 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 18 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Land Rover West Houston (168 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Katy, TX / 168 miles away from San Antonio, TX

    Technology PackWheels: 22" Sv Bespoke Satin Black (Style 5131)Black Exterior PackSantorini Black MetallicPanoramic Roof22" Full Size Spare Wheel...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: SAL1L9FU6PA111031
    Stock: PA111031
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 07-17-2025

    • 23,365 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Land Rover West Houston (168 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Katy, TX / 168 miles away from San Antonio, TX

    Panoramic RoofLeather SeatsNavigation SystemLane Keeping AssistKeyless StartRear SpoilerCooled Front Seat(S)Mercedes Benz of Houston Greenway...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: SAL1L9FU2RA167020
    Stock: RA167020
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-28-2025

    • 8,377 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • TX Auto Group Houston (182 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Houston, TX / 182 miles away from San Antonio, TX

    - UNDER BUMPER TO BUMPER FACTORY WARRANTY - 2024 Land Rover Range Rover Sport P400 Dynamic SE AWD SUV- One Owner, Low Miles, and in Showroom Condition...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: SAL1L9FU6RA402597
    Stock: 402597-ACAX
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 60,609 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 24 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana - San Antonio (0 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in San Antonio, TX / 0 miles away from San Antonio, TX

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: SALWS2RU6NA205290
    Stock: 2003760372
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-13-2025

    • 9,327 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • BMW of the Woodlands (189 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in The Woodlands, TX / 189 miles away from San Antonio, TX

    Panoramic RoofLeather SeatsNavigation SystemLane Keeping AssistKeyless StartRear SpoilerCooled Front Seat(S)This vehicle includes a Money-Bac...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: SAL1L9FU3RA405070
    Stock: RA405070
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-09-2025

    • 10,357 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 16 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • Land Rover Southwest Houston (177 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Houston, TX / 177 miles away from San Antonio, TX

    Step into a world of unmatched luxury, power, and capability with this exclusive 2024 Land Rover Range Rover Sport SV Edition One. This meticulously e...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: SAL1Z9F93RA190543
    Stock: RA190543
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 07-19-2025

    • 31,981 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 24 Hwy MPG
    • BMW of Houston North (188 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Houston, TX / 188 miles away from San Antonio, TX

    Panoramic RoofLeather SeatsNavigation SystemLane Keeping AssistKeyless StartRear SpoilerCooled Front Seat(S)This vehicle includes a Money-Bac...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: SALWR2SUXNA213270
    Stock: NA213270
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-28-2025

    • 33,149 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 24 Hwy MPG
    • North Park Lincoln (7 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in San Antonio, TX / 7 miles away from San Antonio, TX

    16-Way Heated/Cooled HST Front Seats w/Memory, 19 Speakers, 3.55 Axle Ratio, 4-Wheel Disc Brakes, Adaptive suspension, Alloy wheels, Android Auto, App...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: SALWS2RU9NA206319
    Stock: UA206319
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-25-2025

    • 65,440 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, rental vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 24 Hwy MPG
    • Texas Car Club (182 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Houston, TX / 182 miles away from San Antonio, TX

    The 2022 Land Rover Range Rover Sport HSE Silver Edition MHEV in striking Fuji White is the perfect companion for those who crave both luxury and adve...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: SALWR2SU7NA219172
    Stock: 219172-TCCCS
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-21-2025

    • 11,651 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Land Rover West Houston (168 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Katy, TX / 168 miles away from San Antonio, TX

    Panoramic RoofLeather SeatsNavigation SystemLane Keeping AssistKeyless StartRear SpoilerCooled Front Seat(S)You can find this 2024 Land Rover...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: SAL1L9FU3RA406686
    Stock: RA406686
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-10-2025

    • 2,989 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 16 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • Porsche North Houston (188 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Houston, TX / 188 miles away from San Antonio, TX

    Porsche North Houston is delighted to showcase, this Pre-Owned 2024 Land Rover Range Rover Sport SV Edition One Dressed in a commanding Obsidia...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: SAL1Z9F98RA403826
    Stock: CRA403826
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-28-2025

    • 35,377 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 17 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • Land Rover West Houston (168 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Katy, TX / 168 miles away from San Antonio, TX

    Panoramic RoofLeather SeatsNavigation SystemLane Keeping AssistKeyless StartRear SpoilerCooled Front Seat(S)Check out this pre-owned 2022 Lan...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: SALWV2SE0NA238196
    Stock: NA238196
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-26-2025

    • 39,952 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 24 Hwy MPG
    • North Park Lexus of San Antonio (7 mi away)
    • Five Star Dealer
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in San Antonio, TX / 7 miles away from San Antonio, TX

    4WD, 16-Way Heated/Cooled HST Front Seats w/Memory, Android Auto, Apple CarPlay, Heated & Cooled Front & Rear Seats, Heated rear seats, Navigation Sys...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: SALWS2RU5NA213140
    Stock: UA213140
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-30-2025

    • 51,064 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 18 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Sewell Land Rover North Austin (84 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Austin, TX / 84 miles away from San Antonio, TX

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: SAL1L9FUXPA124882
    Stock: 5349198A
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 07-02-2025

    • 52,751 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 15 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • AutoNation USA Katy (172 mi away)
    • Five Star Dealer
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Houston, TX / 172 miles away from San Antonio, TX

    Panoramic RoofLeather SeatsNavigation SystemLane Keeping AssistKeyless StartRear SpoilerThis vehicle includes a Money-Back Guarantee* and pass...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (15 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: SALWZ2RE9MA766229
    Stock: MA766229
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-26-2025

    • 39,594 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 18 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Sewell Land Rover North Austin (84 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Austin, TX / 84 miles away from San Antonio, TX

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: SAL1L9FU7PA134382
    Stock: 5354811A
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 05-17-2025

    • 53,181 miles
    • 1 accident, 3 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 24 Hwy MPG
    • DeMontrond Buick GMC (188 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Houston, TX / 188 miles away from San Antonio, TX

    At DeMontrond Buick GMC, we’re committed to delivering a trusted, family-owned dealership experience in Houston. Since 1953, our mission has been to p...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: SALWR2SU0NA205114
    Stock: TNA205114
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-17-2025

    • 7,037 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 18 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Sewell Cadillac of San Antonio (10 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in San Antonio, TX / 10 miles away from San Antonio, TX

    Sewell Cadillac of San Antonio proudly offers this 2023 Land Rover Range Rover Sport All Wheel Drive that has been professionally inspected by one of ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: SAL1L9FU8PA151045
    Stock: 5364855A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-23-2025

    • 48,478 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 15 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • Land Rover Southwest Houston (177 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Houston, TX / 177 miles away from San Antonio, TX

    Experience the pinnacle of performance and luxury with this 2021 Land Rover Range Rover Sport SVR, now available at Jaguar Land Rover Southwest. Engin...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (15 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: SALWZ2RE4MA791006
    Stock: KMA791006
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-02-2025

    • 53,174 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 24 Hwy MPG
    • Land Rover West Houston (168 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Katy, TX / 168 miles away from San Antonio, TX

    Drive Pro PackBlack Roof RailsTow PackBlack Contrast RoofEiger Grey MetallicPremium Interior Protection & Storage PackPanoramic RoofLeather Sea...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: SALWR2SU0MA796317
    Stock: MA796317
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-07-2025

  • New Listing
    • 28,459 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 16 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • Shottenkirk Land Rover Boerne (26 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Boerne, TX / 26 miles away from San Antonio, TX

    Clean CARFAX.APPROVED CERTIFIED, APPLE CAR PLAY, ANDROID AUTO, BLUETOOTH, LEATHER INTERIOR, POWER SUNROOF/MOONROOF, ALLOY WHEELS, BACK UP CAMERA, BLIN...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: SAL1V9E71PA109550
    Stock: PA109550
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-26-2025

Showing 1 - 21 out of 299 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Land Rover Range Rover Sport

Read recent reviews for the Land Rover Range Rover Sport
Overall Consumer Rating
4.7 out of 5 stars6 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 6 reviews
  • 5 star
    (83%)
  • 4 star
    (0%)
  • 3 star
    (17%)
  • 2 star
    (0%)
  • 1 star
    (0%)
5 out of 5 stars

Makes Me Feel Technology Challenged

DT, 07/11/2024
2023 Land Rover Range Rover Sport P400 SE Dynamic 4dr SUV 4WD (3.0L 6cyl Twincharger gas/electric mild hybrid 8A)
More buttons and features than I every imagined. The best riding vehicle that I have ever had. It's sleek and stylish, but also functional. I can change the cabin lights to fit my mood :) Two things that I wish it had is auto start and the audo/channel buttons for the radio on the back of the steering wheel, just for convenience. I would have looked for a different one on the lot with … auto start, but loved the way this one looked so I stuck with it after the test drive.
Report abuse

Used 2023 Land Rover Range Rover Sport in San Antonio, TX Values

Estimated values
2023 Land Rover Range Rover Sport P400 SE Dynamic 4dr SUV 4WD (3.0L 6cyl Twincharger gas/electric mild hybrid 8A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$62,262$65,408$68,953
Clean$61,560$64,619$68,067
Average$60,391$63,304$66,589
Rough$58,871$61,594$64,668

The average list price of a used 2023 Land Rover Range Rover Sport in San Antonio, Texas is $72,137. The average mileage on a used Land Rover Range Rover Sport 2023 for sale in San Antonio, Texas is 32,131. Based on the average mileage of 32,131 for used 2023 Land Rover Range Rover Sport for sale in San Antonio, TX and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Land Rover Range Rover Sport 2023 in San Antonio, Texas to be $60,391.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius200 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

EV Details

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.