Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
859 listings
  • New Listing
    $25,590
    good price
    $1,426 below market
    • 43,113 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Tampa, FL / 717 miles away from Newport News, VA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1G1FB1RX6P0129793
    Stock: 2003662753
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-01-2025

  • $24,900
    fair price
    $1,036 below market
    • 50,151 miles
    • 2 accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 6cyl manual
    • Bayside Chrysler Dodge Jeep Ram (135 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Annapolis, MD / 135 miles away from Newport News, VA

    Feel the wind and unleash the thrill in this Jet Black 2023 Chevrolet Camaro 1LT Convertible, with 50,000 miles and classic American muscle charisma. ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1G1FB3DS0P0136651
    Stock: P0136651
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-07-2025

  • $23,990
    fair price
    $792 below market
    • 44,218 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Boston, MA / 462 miles away from Newport News, VA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1G1FB1RX9P0129433
    Stock: 2003560066
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-13-2025

  • $36,998
    fair price
    $588 above market
    • 25,285 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 8cyl automatic
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from NV to VA*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Las Vegas, NV / 2,137 miles away from Newport News, VA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1G1FF1R73M0122333
    Stock: 27263151
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 25,236 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 8cyl automatic
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Dallas, TX / 1,186 miles away from Newport News, VA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1G1FF3D70P0156396
    Stock: 2003757241
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-22-2025

  • $29,500
    fair price
    $279 above market
    • 7,742 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Ourisman Ford of Manassas (133 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Manassas, VA / 133 miles away from Newport News, VA

    REARVIEW CAMERA / BACK UP CAMERA / REVERSE CAMERA, REAR VIEW CAMERA WDYNAMIC GUIDELINES, ANDROID AUTO & APPLE CARPLAY, POWER WINDOWS & LOCKS, STEERING...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1G1FB1RS4P0108686
    Stock: T108686
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-20-2025

  • New Listing
    $26,590
    fair price
    $906 below market
    • 35,704 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Tampa, FL / 717 miles away from Newport News, VA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1G1FB1RX7P0134680
    Stock: 2003666174
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-03-2025

  • $49,799
    fair price
    $329 above market
    • 5,188 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 8cyl automatic
    • Leith GMC (139 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Wendell, NC / 139 miles away from Newport News, VA

    Clean CARFAX. CARFAX One-Owner. Sharkskin Metallic 2023 Chevrolet Camaro SS 2SS RWD 10-Speed Automatic 6.2L V8Odometer is 13573 miles below market ave...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1G1FH1R76P0137150
    Stock: K9068
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-14-2025

    • 37,205 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Enterprise Car Sales (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Fort Worth, TX / 1,212 miles away from Newport News, VA

    Transfer of vehicle from another location to your neighborhood Enterprise Car Sales may require payment of a non-refundable transfer fee to begin the ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1G1FB1RS3P0144563
    Stock: 7WTSG3
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-06-2025

    • 41,695 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Enterprise Car Sales (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Colorado Springs, CO / 1,543 miles away from Newport News, VA

    Transfer of vehicle from another location to your neighborhood Enterprise Car Sales may require payment of a non-refundable transfer fee to begin the ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1G1FB1RS5P0132169
    Stock: 7WYR1H
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-15-2025

  • Stock photo**
    $26,981
    fair price
    $161 below market
    • 47,512 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 6cyl manual
    • Malloy Ford Alexandria (131 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Alexandria, VA / 131 miles away from Newport News, VA

    Recent Arrival! 2023 CHEVROLET CAMARO 1LT CONVERTIBLE**ONE OWNER** SPORT SUSPENSION**CHEVROLET INFOTAINMENT **KEYLESS ENTRY**8 WAY POWER DRIVER SEAT**...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1G1FB3DS4P0142078
    Stock: PC3960
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-23-2025

  • $27,198
    fair price
    $425 below market
    • 51,822 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, rental vehicle
    • 6cyl manual
    • Enterprise Car Sales (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Fort Pierce, FL / 704 miles away from Newport News, VA

    Transfer of vehicle from another location to your neighborhood Enterprise Car Sales may require payment of a non-refundable transfer fee to begin the ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1G1FB3DS2P0141883
    Stock: 7WCSN9
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-02-2025

  • $26,699
    fair price
    $423 below market
    • 48,787 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, rental vehicle
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Enterprise Car Sales (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Lester, PA / 207 miles away from Newport News, VA

    Transfer of vehicle from another location to your neighborhood Enterprise Car Sales may require payment of a non-refundable transfer fee to begin the ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1G1FB3DS9P0127818
    Stock: 7W4R90
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-08-2025

  • New Listing
    • 43,389 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 4cyl automatic
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from LA to VA*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Kenner, LA / 930 miles away from Newport News, VA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1G1FB1RX0P0156312
    Stock: 26896736
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 52,320 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 6cyl automatic
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from TN to VA*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Bristol, TN / 323 miles away from Newport News, VA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1G1FB1RS3M0111591
    Stock: 27259093
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $24,990
    fair price
    $768 above market
    • 55,114 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Boston, MA / 462 miles away from Newport News, VA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1G1FB1RX2P0134991
    Stock: 2003677950
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-25-2025

  • $27,499
    fair price
    $724 below market
    • 47,123 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Enterprise Car Sales (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Pittsburgh, PA / 308 miles away from Newport News, VA

    Transfer of vehicle from another location to your neighborhood Enterprise Car Sales may require payment of a non-refundable transfer fee to begin the ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1G1FB3DS3P0142640
    Stock: 7WJMV3
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-20-2025

  • New Listing
    $34,590
    fair price
    $429 above market
    • 45,519 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 8cyl automatic
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Birmingham, AL / 632 miles away from Newport News, VA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1G1FF1R70M0123651
    Stock: 2003721670
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-08-2025

  • Price Drop
    $46,310
    fair price
    $1,204 above market
    • 13,054 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 8cyl automatic
    • Price Toyota (189 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in New Castle, DE / 189 miles away from Newport News, VA

    Sharkskin Metallic 2023 Chevrolet Camaro SS 2SSKey Features Include:Alloy Wheels, Backup Camera, Bluetooth, Power Seats, Price Forever Package, Camaro...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1G1FH1R77P0143748
    Stock: D143748
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 12-28-2024

    • 22,625 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 4cyl automatic
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from TX to VA*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in San Antonio, TX / 1,375 miles away from Newport News, VA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1G1FB1RX7P0124912
    Stock: 27295171
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 44,947 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Birmingham, AL / 632 miles away from Newport News, VA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1G1FB1RX1P0147831
    Stock: 2003675584
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-28-2025

Showing 190 - 210 out of 859 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Chevrolet Camaro

Read recent reviews for the Chevrolet Camaro
Overall Consumer Rating
5 out of 5 stars26 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 26 reviews
  • 5 star
    (100%)
  • 4 star
    (0%)
  • 3 star
    (0%)
  • 2 star
    (0%)
  • 1 star
    (0%)
5 out of 5 stars

Young at Heart

Richard Basile, 06/10/2021
2021 Chevrolet Camaro 1LT 2dr Convertible (2.0L 4cyl Turbo 6M)
I am a 78 old man and I have always loved cars that make you feel special And add a positive upper in your life. I love my Camaro, it looks great and it makes me feel young. It handles great interior is great, back seat area a little tight, but I am the driver so back seats don’t worry me. It handles great rides good, looks great top up or down. I highly recommend for the adventurous … type. Sincerely, Richard Basile
Report abuse

Used 2023 Chevrolet Camaro in Newport News, VA Values

Estimated values
2023 Chevrolet Camaro 1LT 2dr Coupe (2.0L 4cyl Turbo 8A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$18,607$20,032$21,643
Clean$18,411$19,760$21,285
Average$18,084$19,307$20,687
Rough$17,660$18,719$19,911

The average list price of a used 2023 Chevrolet Camaro in Newport News, Virginia is $30,210. The average mileage on a used Chevrolet Camaro 2023 for sale in Newport News, Virginia is 37,512. Based on the average mileage of 37,512 for used 2023 Chevrolet Camaro for sale in Newport News, VA and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Chevrolet Camaro 2023 in Newport News, Virginia to be $18,084.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius200 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.