Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
321 listings
  • $11,500
    great price
    $2,579 below market
    • 98,667 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 25 City / 36 Hwy MPG
    • 4 Season Motors (175 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Sunnyside, WA / 175 miles away from Salem, OR

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (25 City/36 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1VWBA7A35JC016568
    Stock: 2287
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-10-2025

  • Stock photo**
    • 132,435 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use
    • 23 City / 34 Hwy MPG
    • Kendall Toyota of Eugene (58 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Eugene, OR / 58 miles away from Salem, OR

    Reflex Silver Metallic 2017 Volkswagen Passat 1.8T SE w/Technology 4D Sedan FWD 1.8L TSI 6-Speed Automatic with Tiptronic Titan Black Premium Syntheti...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (23 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1VWGT7A35HC033249
    Stock: TXS0120
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-07-2025

  • $12,991
    good price
    $3,297 below market
    • 41,153 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use
    • 25 City / 36 Hwy MPG
    • Columbia Motors (47 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Portland, OR / 47 miles away from Salem, OR

    We're interested to see how we can help to make your purchase work. Call us at (5**) 9**-1***. WE ACCEPT TRADE VEHICLES which can also be used as TAX ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (25 City/36 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1VWAA7A33JC006892
    Stock: 006892-C
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-21-2024

  • $15,495
    good price
    $1,874 below market
    • 74,728 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 19 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Power Buick GMC (26 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Corvallis, OR / 26 miles away from Salem, OR

    Clean CARFAX. 2018 Volkswagen Passat 3.6L V6 GTTitan Black/Moonrock Gray Premium Synthetic.

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1VWJM7A34JC050231
    Stock: P10643
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-14-2025

  • $12,990
    fair price
    $765 below market
    • 72,559 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 25 City / 36 Hwy MPG
    • Capitol Subaru (4 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Salem, OR / 4 miles away from Salem, OR

    Capitol Subaru includes 2 years or 20,000 miles of complimentary basic maintenance! Come see why Capitol Subaru has won so many outstanding community ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (25 City/36 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1VWAA7A32JC045974
    Stock: S045974U
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-29-2025

  • Price Drop
    $11,068
    good price
    $1,022 below market
    • 97,080 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 25 City / 36 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Ramsey, NJ / 2,447 miles away from Salem, OR

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,Rare Find,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Heated Seats,Satellite Radio,Turbo/Super...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (25 City/36 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1VWAA7A37JC010833
    Stock: L17202P
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $13,888
    fair price
    $283 below market
    • 73,438 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, rental vehicle
    • 25 City / 36 Hwy MPG
    • Honda of Sumner (162 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Sumner, WA / 162 miles away from Salem, OR

    This 2018 Volkswagen Passat comes equipped with, **7 Day Trial Exchange**, backup camera, heated seats, keyless entry, auto headlights, blind-spot mon...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (25 City/36 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1VWAA7A34JC035026
    Stock: JC035026
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-09-2025

    • 19,570 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use
    • 25 City / 36 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from TX to OR*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Denton, TX / 1,599 miles away from Salem, OR

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (25 City/36 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1VWAA7A31JC019043
    Stock: 27171668
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $13,300
    good price
    $852 below market
    • 81,728 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 25 City / 36 Hwy MPG
    • Carter Volkswagen (193 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Seattle, WA / 193 miles away from Salem, OR

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (25 City/36 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1VWAA7A38JC011036
    Stock: VP1806
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-23-2025

  • Stock photo**
    $12,950
    fair price
    $495 below market
    • 89,721 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 25 City / 36 Hwy MPG
    • D'Angelo Auto Sales (43 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Hillsboro, OR / 43 miles away from Salem, OR

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (25 City/36 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1VWAA7A32JC040550
    Stock: JC040550
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-05-2025

  • Price Drop
    $19,590
    fair price
    $1,067 above market
    • 42,962 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 25 City / 36 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Memphis, TN / 1,862 miles away from Salem, OR

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (25 City/36 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1VWCA7A36JC051950
    Stock: 2003689302
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-09-2025

  • $11,950
    fair price
    $452 above market
    • 118,673 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, rental vehicle
    • 25 City / 36 Hwy MPG
    • LKL Motors (158 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Puyallup, WA / 158 miles away from Salem, OR

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (25 City/36 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1VWAA7A38JC005608
    Stock: 3385
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 12-30-2024

  • New Listing
    $11,881
    fair price
    $742 above market
    • 84,131 miles
    • 25 City / 38 Hwy MPG
    • Market Place Auto (162 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Puyallup, WA / 162 miles away from Salem, OR

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (25 City/38 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1VWBT7A35GC010210
    Stock: 16995
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-18-2025

  • $19,998
    fair price
    $425 above market
    • 45,924 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 19 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from IL to OR*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Naperville, IL / 1,748 miles away from Salem, OR

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1VWJM7A32JC040569
    Stock: 26894489
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 51,820 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 25 City / 36 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Richmond, VA / 2,377 miles away from Salem, OR

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (25 City/36 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1VWBA7A31JC021427
    Stock: 2003688527
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-30-2025

    • 94,605 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 25 City / 36 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Oklahoma City, OK / 1,487 miles away from Salem, OR

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (25 City/36 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1VWBA7A39JC005878
    Stock: 2003728747
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-11-2025

  • New Listing
    • 80,055 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 19 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Phoenix, AZ / 978 miles away from Salem, OR

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1VWJM7A33JC050320
    Stock: 2003757622
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-25-2025

    • 98,386 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 25 City / 36 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from TX to OR*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Tyler, TX / 1,716 miles away from Salem, OR

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (25 City/36 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1VWAA7A31JC016790
    Stock: 26868371
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 68,649 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 25 City / 36 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from NY to OR*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Smithtown, NY / 2,499 miles away from Salem, OR

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (25 City/36 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1VWAA7A36JC037201
    Stock: 26444634
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 63,022 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 25 City / 36 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from MD to OR*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Brandywine, MD / 2,382 miles away from Salem, OR

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (25 City/36 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1VWBA7A31JC007589
    Stock: 26937121
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 96,390 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 19 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Columbus, OH / 2,047 miles away from Salem, OR

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1VWJM7A33JC031556
    Stock: 2003725924
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-12-2025

Showing 106 - 126 out of 321 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Volkswagen Passat

Read recent reviews for the Volkswagen Passat
Overall Consumer Rating
4 out of 5 stars28 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 28 reviews
  • 5 star
    (57%)
  • 4 star
    (14%)
  • 3 star
    (11%)
  • 2 star
    (11%)
  • 1 star
    (7%)
5 out of 5 stars

Roomy and Comfy!

tweetconn, 12/15/2020
2020 Volkswagen Passat SE 4dr Sedan (2.0L 4cyl Turbo 6A)
I bought my new 2020 Passat SE in September. I had wanted a Passat for some time. I chose the Platinum Gray Metallic color. The car is very roomy with lots of legroom even in the rear seating area. There are many safety features; lane keeping assist, blind spot monitoring, backup camera, adaptive cruise control, etc. To my surprise, my car insurance premium actually went down because of … them. I like the engine temperature guage (which my 2014 Jetta didn't have) and the torque converted 6 speed automatic transmission. The gas pedal is very responsive and the power from the 2.0 TSI engine is good. Brakes are very responsive. The car handles well and has the typical German car feel. I have done better than the 34 mpg highway mileage rating of 34 mpg. I average 36 on the highway and 32mpg in and around town. My only dislike is that it does not have a CD player, but the Apple Carplay feature helps to make up for that. I intend to cut the oil change interval in half and change the oil every 5000 miles. (It is important to use synthetic oil in turbo motors.) I hope to keep this car for a long time. I also got a great deal, by paying $6000 below MSRP! At almost 41,000 mile mark my Passat is running well. The original Nexen tires have plenty of tread left and should at least pass the 50,000 mile mark. Under ideal conditions I have achieved 41 miles per gallon on the highway. No mechanical issues so far.
Report abuse

Used 2018 Volkswagen Passat in Salem, OR Values

Estimated values
2018 Volkswagen Passat SE 4dr Sedan (2.0L 4cyl Turbo 6A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$9,381$12,575$15,214
Clean$9,074$12,149$14,681
Average$8,563$11,440$13,793
Rough$7,899$10,517$12,639

The average list price of a used 2018 Volkswagen Passat in Salem, Oregon is $15,108. The average mileage on a used Volkswagen Passat 2018 for sale in Salem, Oregon is 77,414. Based on the average mileage of 77,414 for used 2018 Volkswagen Passat for sale in Salem, OR and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Volkswagen Passat 2018 in Salem, Oregon to be $8,563.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius200 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.