Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
263 listings
  • New Listing
    • 1,181 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 239 mi range
    • Mercedes-Benz of Houston Greenway (143 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Houston, TX / 143 miles away from Austin, TX

    Sun/MoonroofLeather SeatsNavigation SystemLane Keeping AssistKeyless StartCooled Front Seat(S)This vehicle includes a Money-Back Guarantee* an...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: W1NWM0AB4SX033066
    Stock: SX033066
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 07-24-2025

    • 24,780 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 13 City / 16 Hwy MPG
    • Mercedes-Benz of South Austin (10 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Austin, TX / 10 miles away from Austin, TX

    OPTION PACKAGESWHEELS: 22 AMG® CROSS-SPOKE FORGED: Tires: 295/40R22, HEATED STEERING WHEEL: Removes standard AMG® steering wheel buttons, METAL WEAVE...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    14 Combined MPG (13 City/16 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: W1NYC7HJ6PX461889
    Stock: PX461889
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 05-19-2025

    • 44,193 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 13 City / 15 Hwy MPG
    • Motor Trends of Houston (161 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Alvin, TX / 161 miles away from Austin, TX

    ** PRICE REDUCED!! **** FREE DELIVERY IN TX **** DISCOUNTED DELIVERY NATIONWIDE ****COMPLETE ENTIRE TRANSACTION FROM YOUR HOME**** THE PRICE YOU SEE I...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    14 Combined MPG (13 City/15 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WDCYC7HJ9KX317814
    Stock: 317814
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 12-18-2024

    • 3,685 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 239 mi range
    • Mercedes-Benz of Plano (199 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Plano, TX / 199 miles away from Austin, TX

    2025 Mercedes-Benz G-Class G 580 4MATIC® ***CERTIFIED***, G-Class G 580 4MATIC®, 4D Sport Utility, Electric Motor, 2-Speed Automatic, 4MATIC®, MANUFAK...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: W1NWM0AB3SX016937
    Stock: BSX016937
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 07-10-2025

    • 4,547 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 13 City / 16 Hwy MPG
    • Viking Hiline (136 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in The Woodlands, TX / 136 miles away from Austin, TX

    CLASSIC RED / BLACK LEATHERZG6 AMG CARBON FIBER TRIMWHEEL LOCKING BOLTSAMG CREST - TOW HITCH PLUGFIRST - AID KITAMG RED-PAINTED BRAKE CALIPERHEADLINER...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    14 Combined MPG (13 City/16 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: W1NYC7HJ7PX484923
    Stock: 484923
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-13-2025

    • 18,492 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 13 City / 16 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Los Angeles, CA / 1,227 miles away from Austin, TX

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Heated Seats,Keyless Start,Lane Keeping Assist,Lea...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    14 Combined MPG (13 City/16 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: W1NYC7HJXPX464388
    Stock: A5014180-1
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 60,155 miles
    • 1 accident, 3 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 13 City / 15 Hwy MPG
    • BMW of South Austin (6 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Austin, TX / 6 miles away from Austin, TX

    Serviced here, Excellent Condition, GREAT MILES 60,155! Heated Leather Seats, Sunroof, NAV, Full-Time All-Wheel, Tow Hitch, WHEELS: 22 AMG MATTE BLACK...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    14 Combined MPG (13 City/15 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WDCYC7HJ8KX333101
    Stock: S61366B
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-09-2025

    • 6,339 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 13 City / 16 Hwy MPG
    • Rolls-Royce Motor Cars Austin (11 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Austin, TX / 11 miles away from Austin, TX

    Recent Arrival! -Hi Tech Motorcars Luxury Imports. We are Austin's premier dealer of exotic performance vehicles. Call our VIP Ecommerce team at 5**-2...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    14 Combined MPG (13 City/16 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: W1NYC7HJ6PX476523
    Stock: BP131A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-16-2025

    • 13 miles
    • No accidents, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 14 City / 16 Hwy MPG
    • ABZ Motors (138 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Houston, TX / 138 miles away from Austin, TX

    Recent Arrival! Clean CARFAX.LoJack.2025 Mercedes-Benz G-Class G 63 AMG® Gray Automatic V8AMG® Night Package (P56) (Brush Guard in Black, Exter...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    15 Combined MPG (14 City/16 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: W1NWH5AB3SX039359
    Stock: SX039359
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-09-2025

    • 12 miles
    • No accidents, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 14 City / 16 Hwy MPG
    • ABZ Motors (138 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Houston, TX / 138 miles away from Austin, TX

    Odometer is 2184 miles below market average! Clean CARFAX.LoJack.2025 Mercedes-Benz G-Class G 63 AMG® Matte Black Automatic V8AMG® Night Packag...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    15 Combined MPG (14 City/16 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: W1NWH5AB5SX041937
    Stock: SX041937
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-05-2025

    • 35,335 miles
    • Issue reported, 4 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 13 City / 17 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Knoxville, TN / 877 miles away from Austin, TX

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Issue reported

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    14 Combined MPG (13 City/17 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WDCYC6BJ4KX309963
    Stock: 2003245786
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 11-04-2024

    • 35,001 miles
    • Insurance loss reported, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 13 City / 17 Hwy MPG
    • Car Place Dallas (193 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Addison, TX / 193 miles away from Austin, TX

    2019 Mercedes-Benz G 550 Sport Utility 4D for Sale in Addison, TXMileage: 35,001 milesThe 2019 Mercedes-Benz G 550 is the epitome of luxury and off-ro...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Issue reported

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: Yes

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    14 Combined MPG (13 City/17 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WDCYC6BJ6KX325470
    Stock: KX325470
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-01-2025

    • 2,136 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 14 City / 16 Hwy MPG
    • Park Place Motorcars Fort Worth a Mercedes-Benz Dealer (166 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Fort Worth, TX / 166 miles away from Austin, TX

    RECALL NOTICE: Some vehicles offered for sale may be subject to unrepaired manufacturer safety recalls. To determine the recall status of a vehicle, v...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    15 Combined MPG (14 City/16 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: W1NWH5AB7SX030521
    Stock: PMF250968A
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 07-18-2025

    • 3,217 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 14 City / 16 Hwy MPG
    • Park Place Motorcars Arlington (170 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Arlington, TX / 170 miles away from Austin, TX

    RECALL NOTICE: Some vehicles offered for sale may be subject to unrepaired manufacturer safety recalls. To determine the recall status of a vehicle, v...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    15 Combined MPG (14 City/16 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: W1NWH5AB6SX029229
    Stock: PMA250536A
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 07-18-2025

    • 10,690 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 13 City / 16 Hwy MPG
    • One Legacy Motors (193 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Carrollton, TX / 193 miles away from Austin, TX

    Black 2023 Mercedes-Benz G-Class G 63 AMG 4MATIC 4MATIC 9-Speed Automatic V8WELCOME TO ONE LEGACY MOTORS OUR LEGACY STARTS WITH YOU At One legacy moto...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    14 Combined MPG (13 City/16 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: W1NYC7HJ1PX467082
    Stock: 467082L
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 01-23-2025

    • 62,317 miles
    • 2 accidents, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 13 City / 14 Hwy MPG
    • Uptown Imports - Spring, TX (138 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Spring, TX / 138 miles away from Austin, TX

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    13 Combined MPG (13 City/14 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WDCYC3KF1HX266279
    Stock: 266279
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 25,363 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 13 City / 14 Hwy MPG
    • Mercedes-Benz of Houston Greenway (143 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Houston, TX / 143 miles away from Austin, TX

    Sun/MoonroofLeather SeatsNavigation SystemCooled Front Seat(S)This vehicle includes a Money-Back Guarantee* and passed our precise inspection pr...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    13 Combined MPG (13 City/14 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WDCYC3KF1HX275841
    Stock: HX275841
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-21-2025

    • 18,913 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 13 City / 16 Hwy MPG
    • Freedom Motors (190 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Abilene, TX / 190 miles away from Austin, TX

    Introducing the 2023 Mercedes-Benz G-Class G 550, where luxury meets performance in an iconic silhouette that commands attention. This exceptional veh...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    14 Combined MPG (13 City/16 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: W1NYC6BJ5PX460221
    Stock: 6021
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-11-2025

  • Photos not available
    • 74,067 miles
    • Insurance loss reported, 4 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 12 City / 14 Hwy MPG
    • America's Xtreme Auto (152 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Houston, TX / 152 miles away from Austin, TX

    WHAT IS A BRANDED TITLE? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=djssRiZ0q_s We Can Finance! We Take Trade IN-S! CALL US AT 832-553-0010 Car comes with 2 mont...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Issue reported

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    13 Combined MPG (12 City/14 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WDCYC7DF4HX275157
    Stock: 21950
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-21-2025

    • 24,900 miles
    • No accidents, 5 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 13 City / 15 Hwy MPG
    • Lotus of Dallas (193 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Carrollton, TX / 193 miles away from Austin, TX

    Dealer Earth MotorCars is Proud to offer this amazing: 2019 Mercedes-Benz G-Class G 63 AMG 4MATIC Clean CARFAX. 12.3'' Widescreen Instrument Cluster,...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    14 Combined MPG (13 City/15 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WDCYC7HJXKX329163
    Stock: 329163R
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-14-2025

    • 25,086 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 13 City / 15 Hwy MPG
    • One Legacy Motors (193 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Carrollton, TX / 193 miles away from Austin, TX

    4 new tires, Mojave Silver Metallic 2019 Mercedes-Benz G-Class G 63 AMG 4MATIC 4MATIC 9-Speed Automatic 4.0L V8WELCOME TO ONE LEGACY MOTORS OUR LEGACY...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    14 Combined MPG (13 City/15 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WDCYC7HJ4KX325030
    Stock: 325030LT
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-10-2025

Showing 148 - 168 out of 263 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Mercedes-Benz G-Class

Read recent reviews for the Mercedes-Benz G-Class
Overall Consumer Rating
4.9 out of 5 stars9 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 9 reviews
  • 5 star
    (89%)
  • 4 star
    (11%)
  • 3 star
    (0%)
  • 2 star
    (0%)
  • 1 star
    (0%)
5 out of 5 stars

all new design

John Mack, 03/22/2019
2019 Mercedes-Benz G-Class G 550 4dr SUV 4WD (4.0L 8cyl Turbo 9A)
this is not your 2018 g 550. the improvements exceed expectations, fit and finish is perfection. i have owned 4 g-wagons, this new and improved vehicle is outstanding. if you want something that everyone does not own, this is the suv for you. absolutely love it!
Report abuse

Used 2025 Mercedes-Benz G-Class in Austin, TX Values

Estimated values
2025 Mercedes-Benz G-Class G 580 w/EQ Technology 4dr SUV 4WD (electric DD) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
OutstandingN/AN/AN/A
CleanN/AN/AN/A
AverageN/AN/AN/A
RoughN/AN/AN/A

The average list price of a used 2025 Mercedes-Benz G-Class in Austin, Texas is $154,589. The average mileage on a used Mercedes-Benz G-Class 2025 for sale in Austin, Texas is 22,877. Based on the average mileage of 22,877 for used 2025 Mercedes-Benz G-Class for sale in Austin, TX and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Mercedes-Benz G-Class 2025 in Austin, Texas to be N/A.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius200 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

EV Details

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.