Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
303 listings
  • Price Drop
    $47,700
    fair price
    $564 below market
    • 62,716 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, rental vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 15 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Heritage Toyota Owings Mills (62 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Owings Mills, MD / 62 miles away from Manassas, VA

    Recent Arrival! **4 WHEEL DRIVE**, **POWER DRIVERS SEAT**, **HEATED LEATHER SEATS**, **NAVIGATION SYSTEM**, **BACKUP CAMERA**, *APPLE CARPLAY/ANDROID ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (15 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GKS2GKD1PR156876
    Stock: 7P156876
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-08-2025

  • Price Drop
    $18,496
    great price
    $5,175 below market
    • 169,593 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • Cars2us Of Woodbridge (9 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Woodbridge, VA / 9 miles away from Manassas, VA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GKS2HKJXJR255828
    Stock: CU6533
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    • 19,036 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 18 Hwy MPG
    • Pride Auto Sales (29 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Fredericksburg, VA / 29 miles away from Manassas, VA

    *Panoramic Roof* *Power Running Boards* *2nd Row Captain Seats* *Power 3rd Row Seat* *Navigation* *Back-Up Camera* *Remote Start* *CarPlay* *Power Lif...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/18 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GKS2JKL5PR173328
    Stock: 173328
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 88,361 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, rental vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • Kargar Motors (6 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Manassas, VA / 6 miles away from Manassas, VA

    BUYING A CAR HAS NEVER BEEN THIS EASY.We specialize in 100% GUARANTEED APPROVAL. BAD CREDIT, NO CREDIT, BANKRUPTCY, REPO, FORECLOSURE...NO PROBLEM. NO...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GKS2HKJ3KR388822
    Stock: KMM10923
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 93,551 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 15 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Abilene, TX / 1,330 miles away from Manassas, VA

    Rare Find,3rd Row Seat,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Heads-Up Display,Heated Seats,Heated Steering Wheel,Keyl...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (15 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GKS2HKD3MR430290
    Stock: 38658TV
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 19,390 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Urbandale, IA / 884 miles away from Manassas, VA

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,Low Mileage,3rd Row Seat,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Heated Seats,Heated Steer...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GKS2JKL1MR286866
    Stock: MR286866M
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    Stock photo**
    • 13,975 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 18 Hwy MPG
    • Fitzgerald Rockville GMC (31 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Rockville, MD / 31 miles away from Manassas, VA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/18 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GKS2JKL3PR480027
    Stock: H131430A
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 06-26-2025

  • $23,998
    great price
    $4,474 below market
    • 110,666 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 15 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • Epic Motor Company (17 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Chantilly, VA / 17 miles away from Manassas, VA

    At Epic Motor Company, we ensure the quality of our vehicles through a comprehensive multi-point inspection before they undergo the Virginia State Saf...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (15 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GKS2GKC0JR249354
    Stock: 249354
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 53,052 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 18 Hwy MPG
    • Leesburg Buick GMC (31 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Leesburg, VA / 31 miles away from Manassas, VA

    2023 GMC Yukon XL Denali Midnight Blue Metallic 4WD EcoTec3 6.2L V83rd Row Seats, Back up camera, Bluetooth Hands-free, Heated Seats, Keyless Entry,...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/18 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GKS2JKL0PR327363
    Stock: P327363
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-04-2025

  • Price Drop
    • Not provided
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 15 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Sheehy GMC of Fredericksburg (29 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Fredericksburg, VA / 29 miles away from Manassas, VA

    2021 GMC Yukon XL AT4 4WD at Sheehy GMC Subaru of Fredericksburg! This Yukon XL has an exterior color of Summit White with Jet Black Leather interior....

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (15 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GKS2HKD4MR312233
    Stock: O255534A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-29-2025

  • New Listing
    • 33,666 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from MN to VA*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Brooklyn Park, MN / 930 miles away from Manassas, VA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GKS2JKL3MR402634
    Stock: 27411360
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 52,261 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 15 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Hyman Bros. Automobiles West Broad (72 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Richmond, VA / 72 miles away from Manassas, VA

    - Options: SUNROOF, POWER PANORAMIC, DUAL-PANE

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (15 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GKS2GKD0PR104641
    Stock: H9435
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-13-2025

    • 49,428 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 8 Seats, 15 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from TX to VA*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in El Paso, TX / 1,692 miles away from Manassas, VA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (15 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GKS2HKD2MR176233
    Stock: 27401840
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 51,581 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 8 Seats, 15 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Missoula, MT / 1,931 miles away from Manassas, VA

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,Rare Find,3rd Row Seat,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Heated Seats,Keyless Start,...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (15 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GKS2GKD8MR256081
    Stock: 12913FM
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 52,648 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 8 Seats, 15 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Dallas, TX / 1,156 miles away from Manassas, VA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (15 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GKS2GKD6MR420136
    Stock: 2003810423
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-19-2025

  • New Listing
    • 95,814 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Indianapolis, IN / 474 miles away from Manassas, VA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GKS2JKT0MR474746
    Stock: 2003822115
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-24-2025

  • New Listing
    Stock photo**
    $21,995
    great price
    $5,280 below market
    • 130,451 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, taxi vehicle
    • 8 Seats, 14 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • Premier Auto Imports - Waldorf Lot (30 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Waldorf, MD / 30 miles away from Manassas, VA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GKS2GKC3LR118258
    Stock: 25199
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-20-2025

    • 74,500 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • TK Hughes Auto Sales (72 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Richmond, VA / 72 miles away from Manassas, VA

    TK HUGHES AUTO SALES, INC. 8**-2**-5*** Since 1975! Celebrating our 50 YEARS in business! Better Business Bureau Rating AAA+! Great Miles, Excellent C...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GKS2JKL8MR241505
    Stock: 241505
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-02-2024

    • 142,339 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • EZ Auto Sales (14 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Stafford, VA / 14 miles away from Manassas, VA

    ***Visit www.EzAutoSalesVa.com to view our inventory*** Offering the BEST PRICES AVAILABLE, NATIONWIDE DELIVERY, and EXTENDED WARRANTY OPTIONS. At EZ ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GKS2HKJ3KR231761
    Stock: EZA5561
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $25,150
    great price
    $5,346 below market
    • 115,195 miles
    • 1 accident, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • Cartown (6 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Manassas, VA / 6 miles away from Manassas, VA

    All our Vehicles goes through VA safety inspection before listing for sales. Fresh oil change and filter (Mobil 1) and all fluids have either been cha...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GKS2HKJ4JR401480
    Stock: cti1847
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Stock photo**
    • 39,440 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 18 Hwy MPG
    • Leesburg Buick GMC (31 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Leesburg, VA / 31 miles away from Manassas, VA

    2023 GMC Yukon XL Denali Ultimate Titanium Rush Metallic 4WD EcoTec3 6.2L V8Low Miles, 3rd Row Seats, Back up camera, Bluetooth Hands-free, Multi-Zo...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/18 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GKS2KKL8PR191666
    Stock: P191666
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-04-2025

Showing 43 - 63 out of 303 listings

Consumer Reviews for the GMC Yukon XL

Read recent reviews for the GMC Yukon XL
Overall Consumer Rating
4.7 out of 5 stars9 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 9 reviews
  • 5 star
    (78%)
  • 4 star
    (11%)
  • 3 star
    (11%)
  • 2 star
    (0%)
  • 1 star
    (0%)
3 out of 5 stars

Disappointed - the roof leaks after 2 years

Linda E., 10/23/2023
2021 GMC Yukon XL AT4 4dr SUV 4WD (5.3L 8cyl 10A)
Bought our 2021 GMC Yukon XL SLT brand spankin’ new off the lot. No complaints until 2 years and 20 days after ownership when the roof leaked on a rainy morning. The water poured into the car through the interior light covers and control panel above the driver and passenger seat. Water also poured in through a lower duct by the driver’s left leg. GMC would not allow a warranty on it. We … give thumbs down to GMC and Chevrolet products. It’s no wonder so many people buy foreign cars —- they are better quality than American cars. 👎🏼GMC👎🏼
Report abuse

Used 2023 GMC Yukon XL in Manassas, VA Values

Estimated values
2023 GMC Yukon XL SLT 4dr SUV 4WD (5.3L 8cyl 10A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$40,591$43,204$46,151
Clean$40,149$42,699$45,575
Average$39,413$41,857$44,615
Rough$38,455$40,763$43,367

The average list price of a used 2023 GMC Yukon XL in Manassas, Virginia is $49,012. The average mileage on a used GMC Yukon XL 2023 for sale in Manassas, Virginia is 73,383. Based on the average mileage of 73,383 for used 2023 GMC Yukon XL for sale in Manassas, VA and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used GMC Yukon XL 2023 in Manassas, Virginia to be $39,413.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius100 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.