Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
2,634 listings
  • $23,295
    good price
    $841 below market
    • 44,161 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 4cyl automatic
    • The Highline Car Connection (28 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Waterbury, CT / 28 miles away from Bridgeport, CT

    Machine Gray Metallic 2021 Mazda CX-5 Grand Touring AWD 6-Speed Automatic SKYACTIV, 2.5L 4-Cylinder DOHC 16V.....We Have Been In Business SINCE 1988...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (24 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM3KFBDM5M1398877
    Stock: 398877
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-15-2025

  • $24,856
    good price
    $653 below market
    • 31,438 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Frank Siena's Auto Sales (69 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in New Hampton, NY / 69 miles away from Bridgeport, CT

    Get ready to hit the road in style with this vibrant Red 2021 Mazda CX-5! This superb SUV boasts a powerful 2.5L SKYACTIV-G Dynamic Pressure Turbo eng...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (22 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM3KFBAY7M0374819
    Stock: 53233
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $23,295
    fair price
    $295 below market
    • 60,478 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Driveway (52 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Ramsey, NJ / 52 miles away from Bridgeport, CT

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Heated Seats,Keyless Start,Lane Keeping Assist,Lea...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (22 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM3KFBCY2M0355270
    Stock: SK032486A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $15,900
    good price
    $999 below market
    • 83,922 miles
    • 4 accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Maserati of Monmouth (81 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Ocean Township, NJ / 81 miles away from Bridgeport, CT

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (24 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM3KFBBM2K1603989
    Stock: JM3KFBBM2K1603989
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-03-2025

  • $18,999
    good price
    $587 below market
    • 64,011 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Green Light Auto Sales (17 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Bethany, CT / 17 miles away from Bridgeport, CT

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (24 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM3KFBCM0K1509012
    Stock: MC509012
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $24,993
    fair price
    $307 above market
    • 35,574 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Bright Bay Mazda (32 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Bay Shore, NY / 32 miles away from Bridgeport, CT

    MAZDA CERTIFIED INSPECTED!... .unlike many other dealers, WE HAVE NO HIDDEN DOWN PAYMENTS!..Elegant, powerful, and loaded with premium features, this ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (24 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM3KFBDM4M0393188
    Stock: 3MU9194
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 03-31-2025

  • $18,495
    fair price
    $310 below market
    • 60,303 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Paul Miller Audi (67 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Parsippany, NJ / 67 miles away from Bridgeport, CT

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (24 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM3KFBCM7K1699763
    Stock: 25A802A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-04-2025

  • $20,439
    good price
    $780 below market
    • 65,140 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Honda of Tenafly (46 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Tenafly, NJ / 46 miles away from Bridgeport, CT

    Priced below KBB Fair Purchase Price! CARFAX One-Owner. TEST DRIVE AT HOME! WE WILL BRING THE CAR TO YOU! within 5 miles, CX-5 Grand Touring, 4D Sport...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (24 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM3KFBDM2M1425551
    Stock: 67777A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-09-2025

  • Price Drop
    $17,799
    fair price
    $428 below market
    • 61,047 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Driveway (52 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Ramsey, NJ / 52 miles away from Bridgeport, CT

    CarFax 1-Owner,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Keyless Start,4 Cylinder Engine,4-Wheel Disc Brakes,6-Speed A/T,A/C,ABS,Adjust...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (24 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM3KFBBM0K0599642
    Stock: B7921T
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    • 30,481 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Advantage Honda (22 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Saint James, NY / 22 miles away from Bridgeport, CT

    The finance is for the amount that is reflective after $1,995 down. Price subject to change. Subject to primary lenders approval. All prices exclude t...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (22 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM3KFBCY7M0474299
    Stock: U1407I
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-27-2025

  • Stock photo**
    $19,995
    good price
    $354 below market
    • 62,349 miles
    • 2 accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Freehold Buick GMC (86 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Freehold, NJ / 86 miles away from Bridgeport, CT

    ONE OWNER, SERVICE RECORDS AVAILABLE, BLUETOOTH/HANDS FREE CELL PHONE, BACK UP CAMERA, ALL WHEEL DRIVE, DEALER SERVICED, CX-5 Sport, SKYACTIV 2.5L 4-C...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (24 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM3KFBBM5M0334881
    Stock: 16494A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-16-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 21,028 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Colonial Subaru (21 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Danbury, CT / 21 miles away from Bridgeport, CT

    CARFAX One-Owner. Clean CARFAX. Eternal Blue Mica 2021 Mazda CX-5 Touring AWD 6-Speed Automatic SKYACTIV® 2.5L 4-Cylinder DOHC 16V SUPER CLEAN, Auto D...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (24 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM3KFBCM9M0315734
    Stock: N8711A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-29-2025

  • $15,995
    great price
    $4,691 below market
    • 61,038 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Autoland USA (23 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Selden, NY / 23 miles away from Bridgeport, CT

    This 2022 Mazda SUV CX-5 Select is a reliable and efficient motorcar, with an all-wheel drive system and 2.5 liter 4 cylinder engine that is fuel inje...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (24 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM3KFBBM1N0615285
    Stock: 9037N
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 01-21-2025

  • $17,599
    fair price
    $199 above market
    • 79,175 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Performance Mazda (70 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Springfield, NJ / 70 miles away from Bridgeport, CT

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (24 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM3KFBCM4K0596189
    Stock: PM0712
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-16-2025

    • 34,324 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Nissan of Bayshore (31 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Bay Shore, NY / 31 miles away from Bridgeport, CT

    Only 34,324 Miles! Boasts 30 Highway MPG and 24 City MPG! This Mazda CX-5 delivers a Regular Unleaded I-4 2.5 L/152 engine powering this Automatic tra...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: Yes

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (24 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM3KFBDMXM1429444
    Stock: UB9831P
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 01-31-2025

  • New Listing
    • 21,832 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 4cyl automatic
    • CarMax East Haven (15 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in East Haven, CT / 15 miles away from Bridgeport, CT

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (24 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM3KFBDM7M1419549
    Stock: 26429527
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 33,303 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Bright Bay Mazda (32 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Bay Shore, NY / 32 miles away from Bridgeport, CT

    Bright Bay's pricing doesn't include HIDDEN DOWN PAYMENTS like so may other local dealers.... This 2019 Mazda CX-5 Touring AWD is the perfect blend of...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (24 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM3KFBCMXK0591191
    Stock: 4MU9232
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-10-2025

    • 12,913 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Jack Daniels Kia (52 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Paramus, NJ / 52 miles away from Bridgeport, CT

    Jet Black Mica 2021 Mazda CX-5 Touring AWD 6-Speed Automatic CARFAX One-Owner. SKYACTIV® 2.5L 4-Cylinder DOHC 16V CX-5 Touring, 4D Sport Utility, SKYA...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (24 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM3KFBCM8M0336333
    Stock: P57025
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-08-2025

    • 31,334 miles
    • Frame damage reported, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Mahwah Honda (53 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Mahwah, NJ / 53 miles away from Bridgeport, CT

    Honda of Mahwah is a premiere New Jersey Honda dealership since 1980. Family owned and operated for 43 years in Bergen county, we proudly serve all of...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Issue reported

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: Yes

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (22 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM3KFBEY9M0477721
    Stock: 30067
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-18-2025

    • 36,142 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Showroom Auto (50 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Long Island City, NY / 50 miles away from Bridgeport, CT

    JOIN US AND FIND YOUR CERTIFIED PRE-OWNED VEHICLE TODAY AND SAVE THOUSANDS!! HEADS UP DISPLAY!! NAVIGATION!! LANE DEPARTURE!! BLIND SPOT MONITOR! HEAT...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (24 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM3KFBDM9K1550026
    Stock: 2577
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 77,581 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Mazda of Valley Stream (46 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Valley Stream, NY / 46 miles away from Bridgeport, CT

    AT MAZDA OF VALLEY STREAM THE PRICE YOU NEGOTIATE IS THE PRICE WE HONOR. NO NEED TO WORRY ABOUT SNEAKY DEALER FEES. ADD $1995 FOR CASH PURCHASE,$175 D...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (24 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM3KFBCMXK1608484
    Stock: U04178
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-08-2025

Showing 43 - 63 out of 2,634 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Mazda CX-5

Read recent reviews for the Mazda CX-5
Overall Consumer Rating
4.5 out of 5 stars106 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 106 reviews
  • 5 star
    (75%)
  • 4 star
    (12%)
  • 3 star
    (7%)
  • 2 star
    (1%)
  • 1 star
    (5%)
5 out of 5 stars

Fun to drive and excellent value

Peter B, 02/11/2020
2020 Mazda CX-5 Touring 4dr SUV (2.5L 4cyl 6A)
Traded in a high mileage ‘15 Forester and couldn’t be happier with the CX5. I got the Touring with the option package which includes the sunroof, power lift gate and Bose. I immediately took it on a 1600 mile trip from DFW to ATL and back. Its a comfortable car for long trips with great road feel. I was always cruising at about 75 to 80 mph and it never felt sluggish or underpowered. …
Report abuse

Used 2021 Mazda CX-5 in Bridgeport, CT Values

Estimated values
2021 Mazda CX-5 Grand Touring 4dr SUV AWD (2.5L 4cyl 6A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$20,398$21,999$23,612
Clean$19,917$21,451$22,993
Average$19,116$20,538$21,960
Rough$18,074$19,350$20,617

The average list price of a used 2021 Mazda CX-5 in Bridgeport, Connecticut is $21,816. The average mileage on a used Mazda CX-5 2021 for sale in Bridgeport, Connecticut is 47,980. Based on the average mileage of 47,980 for used 2021 Mazda CX-5 for sale in Bridgeport, CT and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Mazda CX-5 2021 in Bridgeport, Connecticut to be $19,116.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius100 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.