Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
1,400 listings
  • Price Drop
    • 69,001 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Third-row seating
    Close

    Located in Medford, OR / 1,661 miles away from Laredo, TX

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,Rare Find,3rd Row Seat,Back-Up Camera,Brake Assist,Keyless Start,Satellite Radio,3rd Row Seat,4-Wheel Disc Brakes,8-Speed...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4RDJAGXKC558694
    Stock: 558694A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    • 80,919 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Third-row seating
    Close

    Located in Charlotte, NC / 1,222 miles away from Laredo, TX

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4RDJDG1KC722670
    Stock: 2003682667
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-02-2025

    • 36,104 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Third-row seating
    Close

    Located in Atlanta, GA / 994 miles away from Laredo, TX

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4RDHDGXKC806575
    Stock: 2003596002
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-24-2025

  • New Listing
    • 101,711 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, rental vehicle
    • 8cyl automatic
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Chicago, IL / 1,188 miles away from Laredo, TX

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4SDJCT5KC722381
    Stock: 2003476575
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-06-2025

  • New Listing
    • 76,600 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 8cyl automatic
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Portland, OR / 1,778 miles away from Laredo, TX

    CarFax 1-Owner,High Demand,Rare Find,3rd Row Seat,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Heated Seats,Heated Steering Wheel,Keyless ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4SDJCT3KC551081
    Stock: KC551081T
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 47,930 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 6cyl automatic
    • CarMax Texas Stadium (Irving) (400 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Irving, TX / 400 miles away from Laredo, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4RDJDG5MC576177
    Stock: 27278318
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 89,821 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 6cyl automatic
    • McLeod Auto Sales (272 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Third-row seating
    Close

    Located in Killeen, TX / 272 miles away from Laredo, TX

    Call Emily today to schedule your VIP appointment today!

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4RDJDG7KC598906
    Stock: 13434
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-20-2025

    • 71,358 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 8cyl automatic
    • Carvana - Dallas (400 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Dallas, TX / 400 miles away from Laredo, TX

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4SDHCT3MC602154
    Stock: 2003685407
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-01-2025

  • New Listing
    • 54,518 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 8cyl automatic
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Charlotte, NC / 1,222 miles away from Laredo, TX

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4SDJCT7KC806962
    Stock: 2003736644
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-16-2025

    • 51,780 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Cardenas BMW (145 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Third-row seating
    Close

    Located in Harlingen, TX / 145 miles away from Laredo, TX

    This 2019 Dodge Durango SXT is an all-wheel drive vehicle that has been driven 51,780 miles. It features a 3.6 liter 6 cylinder engine with sequential...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4RDJAG7KC705585
    Stock: P705585
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-15-2023

  • New Listing
    • 176,846 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Paris Chevrolet Buick GMC (487 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Third-row seating
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Paris, TX / 487 miles away from Laredo, TX

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4RDHAG1KC769694
    Stock: X2273
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-04-2025

    • 83,990 miles
    • Insurance loss reported, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 6cyl automatic
    • America's Xtreme Auto (297 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Third-row seating
    Close

    Located in Houston, TX / 297 miles away from Laredo, TX

    WHAT IS A BRANDED TITLE? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=djssRiZ0q_s We Can Finance! We Take Trade IN-S! CALL US AT 832-553-0010 Car comes with 2 mont...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Issue reported

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4RDJDG0MC740077
    Stock: 21756
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 11-28-2024

    • 58,843 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Driveway (347 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Third-row seating
    Close

    Located in Midland, TX / 347 miles away from Laredo, TX

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,High Demand,3rd Row Seat,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Heated Seats,Heated Steering Wheel,Keyless S...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4RDHDG5MC661237
    Stock: MC661237KY
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 174,405 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 8cyl automatic
    • Paradise Motors (118 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Edinburg, TX / 118 miles away from Laredo, TX

    Paradise Motors LLC 2821 S Closner Blvd Edinburg TX 785399**-2**-8***Te ayudamos a tener tu vehiculo nuevo con o sin ITIN y todo tipo de credito. H...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4SDJCT2JC112162
    Stock: 112162
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-05-2025

  • New Listing
    • 110,207 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 6cyl automatic
    • North Park Chevrolet Castroville (134 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Third-row seating
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Castroville, TX / 134 miles away from Laredo, TX

    Recent Arrival! 19/26 City/Highway MPGNorth Park Chevrolet is the Chevrolet Dealer of the Year! Posted Prices with a completely transparent experience...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4RDHAG7MC573195
    Stock: MC573195
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-16-2025

    • 43,579 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 8cyl automatic
    • Driveway (147 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in San Antonio, TX / 147 miles away from Laredo, TX

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,CarFax 1-Owner,3rd Row Seat,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Heated Seats,Heated Steering Wheel,K...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4SDJCT6NC225747
    Stock: NC225747P
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 103,624 miles
    • 1 accident, 3 owners, rental vehicle
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Carvana - Dallas (400 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Dallas, TX / 400 miles away from Laredo, TX

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4RDJDGXHC897198
    Stock: 2003661521
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-18-2025

    • 89,644 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 6cyl automatic
    • AutoNation Chrysler Dodge Jeep Ram Spring (303 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Third-row seating
    Close

    Located in Spring, TX / 303 miles away from Laredo, TX

    3rd Row Seating GroupBlack; Leather Trimmed Bucket SeatsLeather SeatsBlind Spot & Cross Path Detection3rd Row SeatGranite ClearcoatKeyless Start...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4RDHAG1MC846924
    Stock: MC846924
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-25-2025

    • 75,336 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Five Star Chevrolet (406 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Carrollton, TX / 406 miles away from Laredo, TX

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4RDHEG9KC632366
    Stock: SR131198B
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-09-2025

  • New Listing
    • 49,208 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 8cyl automatic
    • Ancira Volkswagen (147 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in San Antonio, TX / 147 miles away from Laredo, TX

    Welcome to Ancira Volkswagen, we are the premiere used car dealer in San Antonio. All of our cars are hand picked and inspected for your peace of mind...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    15 Combined MPG (13 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4SDJGJ0LC229590
    Stock: V531949A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-13-2025

  • New Listing
    • 39,769 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Third-row seating
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Salt Lake City, UT / 1,154 miles away from Laredo, TX

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4RDHAG0KC754944
    Stock: 2003740103
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-16-2025

Showing 106 - 126 out of 1,400 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Dodge Durango

Read recent reviews for the Dodge Durango
Overall Consumer Rating
4.4 out of 5 stars68 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 68 reviews
  • 5 star
    (68%)
  • 4 star
    (16%)
  • 3 star
    (7%)
  • 2 star
    (1%)
  • 1 star
    (7%)
5 out of 5 stars

I can't believe I bought a Durango...

Mike, 01/16/2018
2018 Dodge Durango GT 4dr SUV AWD (3.6L 6cyl 8A)
Our family needed a three row SUV. We tried to downsize to a wagon, but it didn't work. I was charged with all of the research and test driving, and I drove them all. Honda, Mazda, VW, Toyota, etc. Some were too small (Toyota), some offered horrible value (VW), some were too much like a mini-van (Honda). I was getting frustrated with my search. I tried a Ford Explorer and didn't like it … at all. I was flummoxed. I had read good things about the 2018 Durango, but I have NEVER been an FCA fan, and swore I would never buy one. Then...I test drove the Durango GT. Just wow. Solid, big, handled well, and quiet as a mouse inside. I did some more research. It rides on a relative of the GL/ML platform from when Daimler Benz owned part of Chrysler (so does the Grand Cherokee). The 8-speed automatic is sourced from ASIN, the same place that BMW and other high-end manufacturers get their trannys. The handling is excellent, primarily due to the perfect 50/50 weight distribution, and the rear-wheel bias (its a RWD car when it doesn't need the traction). The Durango is so air-tight that you really need to give the door a good slam, otherwise the air pressure prevents the door from closing. I thought the Beats audio system was terrible, but like many good speakers (I am an audiophile) the system needed to break in, and stretch the speakers a bit. I think it sounds very good now (not Levinson good, but certainly better than any Bose system). If you have been skeptical of the FCA brand in the past (let's face it there's plenty of reason to be) , but you need a good sized SUV, you HAVE to drive the Durango. It won't disappoint.
Report abuse

Used 2019 Dodge Durango in Laredo, TX Values

Estimated values
2019 Dodge Durango SXT Plus 4dr SUV AWD (3.6L 6cyl 8A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$16,128$18,713$21,013
Clean$15,823$18,351$20,597
Average$15,314$17,747$19,904
Rough$14,653$16,963$19,003

The average list price of a used 2019 Dodge Durango in Laredo, Texas is $27,795. The average mileage on a used Dodge Durango 2019 for sale in Laredo, Texas is 80,247. Based on the average mileage of 80,247 for used 2019 Dodge Durango for sale in Laredo, TX and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Dodge Durango 2019 in Laredo, Texas to be $15,314.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius500 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.