Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
1,243 listings
    • 115,526 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use
    • 8 Seats, 15 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • Auto Network of Wilmington (263 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Wilmington, NC / 263 miles away from Charlottesville, VA

    ANOTHER LOADED UP FULL SIZE LUXURY 4X4 SUV !!! this 2017 Cadillac Escalade ESV 4x4. Powered by a robust 6.2L engine, this full-size SUV delivers smoo...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (15 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4HKJ0HR161614
    Stock: AW-1835
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-21-2025

  • $54,889
    great price
    $18,548 below market
    • 24,213 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Nissan of the Bronx (316 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Bronx, NY / 316 miles away from Charlottesville, VA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4JKL9NR111945
    Stock: 29292U
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-04-2025

    • 51,145 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • King O'Rourke Cadillac (344 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Smithtown, NY / 344 miles away from Charlottesville, VA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4RKLXMR219679
    Stock: 10593
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 04-28-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 43,842 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 18 Hwy MPG
    • City Chevrolet (429 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Columbia City, IN / 429 miles away from Charlottesville, VA

    EquipmentThis Cadillac Escalade ESV features a hands-free Bluetooth phone system. See what's behind you with the back up camera on this Cadill...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/18 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4RKT0PR371121
    Stock: GM6506A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-20-2025

  • Stock photo**
    $24,995
    fair price
    $381 above market
    • 97,686 miles
    • 1 accident, 4 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • Graham Used Car Outlet (289 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Mansfield, OH / 289 miles away from Charlottesville, VA

    FULLY SERVICED, 4WD. Odometer is 31959 miles below market average! COME DRIVE IT AT GRAHAM OUTLET! 1667 W 4TH ST. ONTARIO,OH. "WHERE EVERYONE RIDES"

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4TKJ8FR744237
    Stock: FTS043B
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-03-2025

    • 18,293 miles
    • No accidents, 4 owners, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 11 City / 16 Hwy MPG
    • Sarchione Auto Gallery (251 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Canton, OH / 251 miles away from Charlottesville, VA

    Just Arrived***2023 Cadillac Escalade ESV V-Series AWD SUV***1SD Preferred Equipment Group***Touring Package***Power Panoramic Moonroof***16.9" Diagon...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    13 Combined MPG (11 City/16 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4SK97PR333266
    Stock: G2680
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-11-2025

    • 64,813 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use
    • 8 Seats, 14 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Central Chevrolet (418 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in West Springfield, MA / 418 miles away from Charlottesville, VA

    This 2021 Cadillac Escalade ESV Premium Luxury Vehicle is a sight to behold. With a black raven gba exterior and jet black h2u interior, this car has ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4KKL7MR331279
    Stock: 4897A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 12-06-2024

    • 53,259 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Bob Fisher Chevrolet (213 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Reading, PA / 213 miles away from Charlottesville, VA

    Bob Fisher Chevrolet is Family Owned and Operated since 1968. "Where Berks County Buys" and our Customers Come First.

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4NKL3MR472433
    Stock: 8987Z
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-12-2025

    • 51,005 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • AutoWorld of Lenoir (224 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Lenoir, NC / 224 miles away from Charlottesville, VA

    Thank you for viewing our 2021 Cadillac Escalade ESV Sport Platinum AWD for sale in Lenoir, NC. If you have any specific questions please contact us. ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4RKL4MR175212
    Stock: B175212
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 01-25-2025

    • 99,600 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Carolina Luxury Imports of Mooresville (212 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Mooresville, NC / 212 miles away from Charlottesville, VA

    Welcome to the epitome of luxury and style - the Dark Moon Blue 2021 Cadillac Escalade! This stunning vehicle is a true head-turner with its sleek des...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4KKL7MR400598
    Stock: 1567
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-11-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 55,518 miles
    • No accidents, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Bergey's Cadillac (222 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Plymouth Meeting, PA / 222 miles away from Charlottesville, VA

    NEW ARRIVAL!! SPORT PLATINUM!! THE RIGHT ONE! CADILLAC CERTIFIED TOO!! ORIGINAL MSRP $113,565! TONS OF SAVINGS! ONLY ONE OWNER, CLEAN CARFAX, AND WELL...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4RKL0MR112334
    Stock: ECU2634
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-17-2025

  • New Listing
    • 36,575 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from NV to VA*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Henderson, NV / 2,008 miles away from Charlottesville, VA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4KKL7MR492585
    Stock: 27403803
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 38,443 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Buzz Chew Cadillac (381 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Southampton, NY / 381 miles away from Charlottesville, VA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4MKL1MR473736
    Stock: U10215
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 01-18-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 42,793 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 7 Seats
    • Jim Hudson Cadillac (303 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Columbia, SC / 303 miles away from Charlottesville, VA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4RKTXPR100356
    Stock: BP1999
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 06-22-2022

    • Not provided
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Patriot Chevrolet of Warminster (237 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Warminster, PA / 237 miles away from Charlottesville, VA

    2021 Cadillac Escalade ESV Sport Dark Moon Blue Metallic 4WD 10-Speed Automatic with Overdrive 6.2L V8 CARFAX One-Owner. 4WD.

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4PKL4MR444538
    Stock: 4538S
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-28-2025

  • New Listing
    • 39,586 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 18 Hwy MPG
    • Genesis Cadillac (386 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Saint Clair Shores, MI / 386 miles away from Charlottesville, VA

    Black Raven 2023 Cadillac Escalade ESV Sport 6.2L V8 10-Speed Automatic AWD CADILLAC CERTIFIED WARRANTY INCLUDED, SERVICE RECORDS AVAILABLE, Clean Car...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/18 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4NKLXPR182985
    Stock: R182985A
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 06-18-2025

    • 66,947 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Lookout Ford (245 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Morehead City, NC / 245 miles away from Charlottesville, VA

    2021 Cadillac Escalade ESV Premium Luxury Platinum Crystal White Tricoat 6.2L V8 4WD 10-Speed Automatic with Overdrive4WD, 16.9" Diagonal OLED Infotai...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4MKLXMR489949
    Stock: 25105A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 12-18-2024

    • 161,858 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 15 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • Lazars Auto Sales (374 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Augusta, GA / 374 miles away from Charlottesville, VA

    Please visit our website at www.lazarsautosales.com for more photos and information for this vehicle. We have a great selection of used cars, trucks...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (15 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4JKJXHR232583
    Stock: 17escalade
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-05-2025

    • 145,457 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 15 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • Mooresville Ford (213 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Mooresville, NC / 213 miles away from Charlottesville, VA

    Local Trade, Extended Warranty Available, LEATHER, Adaptive Full-Speed Range Cruise Control, Additional Rear Seat Headphones (LPO), Automatic Safety B...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (15 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS3UKJ7FR639522
    Stock: 101384B
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-07-2025

    • 51,391 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax Wayne (301 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Wayne, NJ / 301 miles away from Charlottesville, VA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4KKL9PR214162
    Stock: 27249039
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    • 23,907 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 15 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • Rick Hendrick Chevrolet Buick GMC Richmond (53 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Richmond, VA / 53 miles away from Charlottesville, VA

    Hendrick Certified, Spotless, ONLY 23,907 Miles. Heated Leather Seats, Third Row Seat, Moonroof, Navigation, Panoramic Roof, Aluminum Wheels, Captains...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (15 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS3KKL4MR445730
    Stock: P00495
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-07-2025

Showing 568 - 588 out of 1,243 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Cadillac Escalade ESV

Read recent reviews for the Cadillac Escalade ESV
Overall Consumer Rating
3.1 out of 5 stars27 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 27 reviews
  • 5 star
    (41%)
  • 4 star
    (7%)
  • 3 star
    (11%)
  • 2 star
    (4%)
  • 1 star
    (37%)
5 out of 5 stars

My dream vehicle!

Cindy W., 01/28/2020
2018 Cadillac Escalade ESV Premium Luxury 4dr SUV 4WD (6.2L 8cyl 10A)
If you're looking for a great ride, a ton of bells and whistles and a stylish vehicle, you're going to love owning an Escalade. This SUV has everything, hiding spots for your belongings, USB ports everywhere, 120v plugin, a ton of Bose speakers and so much more. The camera system is amazing! When I flip up my rear view mirror I see traffic behind me. When I pull into my garage I … still get the 360 view to make sure that I'm over enough and in far enough. My only issue, and this is a me issue is that this is sooo much bigger than the Tahoe I came from. This one is a beast ;o) so I'm having problems pulling into parking spots still, but with time, I'm sure that I'll nail it.
Report abuse

Used 2017 Cadillac Escalade ESV in Charlottesville, VA Values

Estimated values
2017 Cadillac Escalade ESV Luxury 4dr SUV 4WD (6.2L 8cyl 8A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$21,743$26,942$30,917
Clean$21,135$26,153$29,971
Average$20,121$24,838$28,396
Rough$18,803$23,129$26,347

The average list price of a used 2017 Cadillac Escalade ESV in Charlottesville, Virginia is $63,852. The average mileage on a used Cadillac Escalade ESV 2017 for sale in Charlottesville, Virginia is 61,041. Based on the average mileage of 61,041 for used 2017 Cadillac Escalade ESV for sale in Charlottesville, VA and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Cadillac Escalade ESV 2017 in Charlottesville, Virginia to be $20,121.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius500 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.