Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
132 listings
  • New Listing
    • 52,250 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 21 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Charlotte, NC / 279 miles away from Hampton, VA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (21 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WAUA4CF57KA046657
    Stock: 2003765565
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-04-2025

  • New Listing
    • 49,478 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 21 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Dallas, TX / 1,190 miles away from Hampton, VA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (21 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WAUB4CF50KA019708
    Stock: 2003744929
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-17-2025

  • Price Drop
    $45,650
    great price
    $5,656 below market
    • 21,605 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Haley Toyota of Richmond (73 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Midlothian, VA / 73 miles away from Hampton, VA

    *Vehicle pricing excludes tax, title, tags, $799 processing fee, and $319 fee for theft protection etch.*

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (21 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WAUW4GF5XNN005269
    Stock: XN223
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-04-2025

  • Stock photo**
    • 85,037 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 6cyl manual
    • Chantilly Auto Sales (140 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Chantilly, VA / 140 miles away from Hampton, VA

    "The Audi S5 is a stylish, swift luxury coupe that will excite drivers looking for strong performance and buyers interested in lavish technology featu...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (17 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WAUGGAFR2FA049979
    Stock: 049979
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-08-2025

    • 60,198 miles
    • Frame damage reported, 1 owner, personal use
    • 6cyl automated manual
    • Lease Return Center (114 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Triangle, VA / 114 miles away from Hampton, VA

    --SUPER CLEAN AND CARFAX CERTIFIED!!!!--LOW MILEAGE CONVERTIBLE S5!!!!--FULLY LOADED AUDI!!!!--BEAUTIFUL COLOR COMBINATION--LOOKS AND RUNS AMAZING!!!!...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Issue reported

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: Yes

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WAUCGAFH4DN013397
    Stock: 013397
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $11,999
    great price
    $2,494 below market
    • 114,000 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 6cyl automated manual
    • Xtreme Car (135 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Vienna, VA / 135 miles away from Hampton, VA

    Our 2014 Audi S5 Premium Plus Convertible car is perfect for any stage of vehicle ownership. It provides a smooth ride, has undergone full detailing a...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WAUCGAFH8EN007863
    Stock: 007863
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-19-2025

  • New Listing
    • 54,330 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use
    • 21 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Dallas, TX / 1,190 miles away from Hampton, VA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (21 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WAUC4CF50KA096891
    Stock: 2003755261
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-21-2025

  • $43,000
    fair price
    $572 below market
    • 28,196 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 21 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • Koons Tysons Toyota (136 mi away)
    • Five Star Dealer
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Vienna, VA / 136 miles away from Hampton, VA

    RECALL NOTICE: Some vehicles offered for sale may be subject to unrepaired manufacturer safety recalls. To determine the recall status of a vehicle, v...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (21 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WAUC4CF59NA021417
    Stock: KP50929A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-22-2025

  • New Listing
    $24,990
    fair price
    $855 below market
    • 49,328 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 6cyl automated manual
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Sacramento, CA / 2,438 miles away from Hampton, VA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WAUVGAFH4EN006296
    Stock: 2003718547
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-05-2025

  • $11,900
    fair price
    $41 above market
    • 126,700 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use
    • 6cyl automated manual
    • MT Car Sales (148 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Goldsboro, NC / 148 miles away from Hampton, VA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WAUVGAFH1EN013819
    Stock: 013819
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 10-30-2024

    • 20,035 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 6cyl automatic
    • LA Auto Star (25 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Virginia Beach, VA / 25 miles away from Hampton, VA

    GOTTA HAVE IT - MUST SEE DRIVE AND OWN! Get ready to hit the road in style with the 2022 Audi S5! This coupe packs a punch with its powerful engine an...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (21 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WAUP4AF57NA028307
    Stock: 6828
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 48,789 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 20 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Chicago, IL / 726 miles away from Hampton, VA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (20 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WAUC4CF54LA005607
    Stock: 2003636201
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-29-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 69,960 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 6cyl automated manual
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Minnetonka, MN / 1,044 miles away from Hampton, VA

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,Low Mileage,Rare Find,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Heated Seats,Keyless Start,Leather Seats,Premium Sound,Sa...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WAUCGAFR8EA049983
    Stock: S5324008A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 44,346 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Salt Lake City, UT / 1,910 miles away from Hampton, VA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (20 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WAUP4AF52LA015008
    Stock: 2003710213
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-18-2025

    • 49,365 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 6cyl automated manual
    • Speedy Motorsports (152 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Baltimore, MD / 152 miles away from Hampton, VA

    Power Door LocksAir ConditioningDual Air BagsHID HeadlampsElectromechanical SteeringHeated SeatsCruise ControlAir Conditioning, RearAWDPremium WheelsS...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WAUCGAFR0EA017206
    Stock: 017206
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-06-2025

  • New Listing
    • 18,702 miles
    • 2 accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 21 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • Koons Clarksville Chevy GMC (150 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Clarksville, MD / 150 miles away from Hampton, VA

    Bluetooth, Alarm System w/Motion Sensor, Audi Advanced Key, Audi Side Assist w/Pre Sense Rear, Auto-Dimming Exterior Mirrors, Convenience Package, Dri...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (21 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WAUA4CF57NA032049
    Stock: KCCP220167
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-06-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 79,915 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 21 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • Kargar Motors (130 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Manassas, VA / 130 miles away from Hampton, VA

    BUYING A CAR HAS NEVER BEEN THIS EASY.We specialize in 100% GUARANTEED APPROVAL. BAD CREDIT, NO CREDIT, BANKRUPTCY, REPO, FORECLOSURE...NO PROBLEM. NO...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (21 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WAUC4CF51NA023825
    Stock: KMM13144
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $51,500
    great price
    $2,144 below market
    • 41,117 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Koons Volvo Cars of White Marsh (159 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in White Marsh, MD / 159 miles away from Hampton, VA

    ****BALANCE OF FACTORY WARRANTY STILL APPLIES*****Prestige Pkg**Heated Leather**B&O Audio**Backup Camera*Great Local Trade 2023 Audi S5 3.0T Presti...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (21 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WAUY4GF5XPN001654
    Stock: 0004796A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-15-2025

  • Price Drop
    $13,881
    good price
    $2,048 below market
    • 94,680 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 6cyl automated manual
    • Euro Motorcars Bethesda (137 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Bethesda, MD / 137 miles away from Hampton, VA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WAUVGAFR7DA014133
    Stock: S2456A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-02-2025

  • New Listing
    $52,898
    fair price
    $433 below market
    • 18,244 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 21 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • Volvo Cars Of Frederick (170 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Frederick, MD / 170 miles away from Hampton, VA

    2023 Audi S5 Sportback Prestige quattro Mythos Black Metallic MARYLAND STATE INSPECTED/MSI, AUDI CERTIFIED PRE-OWNED/CPO, LOCAL TRADE, ONE OWNER CLEAN...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (21 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WAUB4CF5XPA058491
    Stock: T058491
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-05-2025

  • New Listing
    $49,990
    fair price
    $980 above market
    • 22,570 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 21 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana - Richmond (79 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Richmond, VA / 79 miles away from Hampton, VA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (21 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WAUC4CF52PA010987
    Stock: 2003775075
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-06-2025

Showing 64 - 84 out of 132 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Audi S5

Read recent reviews for the Audi S5
Overall Consumer Rating
4.6 out of 5 stars28 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 28 reviews
  • 5 star
    (79%)
  • 4 star
    (11%)
  • 3 star
    (4%)
  • 2 star
    (4%)
  • 1 star
    (4%)
5 out of 5 stars

Amazing Car

u2nelson, 08/28/2012
2013 Audi S5 Premium Plus quattro 2dr Coupe AWD (3.0L 6cyl S/C 6M)
I have had this car for 4 weeks now, and it is still impressing me. The power is smooth and strong, it comes on early and just keeps puling hard. Very addictive. Handling, is well not as brilliant as my old BMW 330CI, but it is still exceptionaly good. This car is very fun to drive and did I mention it has gobs of smooth power. The quality of the finish, both inside and outside is … superb. Initially I was not sure about the alcantara seat inserts, but now that I have the alcantara, I am 100% sold and glad to have it. It's superior, both in looks and function and very easy to clean, just wipe with a damp cloth. It's hard to believe someone would pay extra to not get the alcantara.
Report abuse

Used 2019 Audi S5 in Hampton, VA Values

Estimated values
2019 Audi S5 3.0 TFSI Premium quattro 4dr Hatchback AWD (3.0L 6cyl Turbo 8A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$24,033$29,418$34,234
Clean$23,339$28,534$33,169
Average$22,181$27,063$31,393
Rough$20,676$25,149$29,084

The average list price of a used 2019 Audi S5 in Hampton, Virginia is $34,091. The average mileage on a used Audi S5 2019 for sale in Hampton, Virginia is 54,707. Based on the average mileage of 54,707 for used 2019 Audi S5 for sale in Hampton, VA and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Audi S5 2019 in Hampton, Virginia to be $22,181.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius200 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.