Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
3,897 listings
  • Price Drop
    $18,577
    fair price
    $541 below market
    • 58,221 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, rental vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 24 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • Danbury Pre-Owned Center (30 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Danbury, CT / 30 miles away from New Haven, CT

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (24 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM3KFBDM5J0339040
    Stock: A25994A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-31-2025

    • 64,602 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 24 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Cleveland, OH / 454 miles away from New Haven, CT

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (24 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM3KE4CY7E0374932
    Stock: 2003633866
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-19-2025

  • New Listing
    $10,000
    good price
    $1,596 below market
    • 111,430 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 24 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • MetroStars Auto Group (90 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Plainfield, NJ / 90 miles away from New Haven, CT

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (24 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM3KE4DY2E0374268
    Stock: M374268
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Selling or trading in?

    Know what your car is worth while you shop for your next vehicle.

    See my car’s value
  • $8,495
    good price
    $1,311 below market
    • 137,958 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 25 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • Carland Auto (107 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Trip Computer
    • Rear Bench Seats
    Close

    Located in Lakewood, NJ / 107 miles away from New Haven, CT

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (25 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM3KE4BE1E0409035
    Stock: 409035
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-19-2025

  • $13,995
    good price
    $1,188 below market
    • 76,577 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 24 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • MMC Auto Exchange (114 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Alarm
    Close

    Located in Toms River, NJ / 114 miles away from New Haven, CT

    This Mazda CX-5 is an excellent value for the money and is priced to move! This is one of the cleanest, low mileage CX-5s we have had in a long time a...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (24 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM3KE4BY8G0878118
    Stock: 78118
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-10-2025

  • New Listing
    $11,999
    good price
    $975 below market
    • 90,345 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 24 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • Winthrop Street Motors (101 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Taunton, MA / 101 miles away from New Haven, CT

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (24 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM3KE4CY0E0316578
    Stock: E0316578
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-15-2025

  • Price Drop
    $18,343
    good price
    $861 below market
    • 61,516 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 24 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • City Motor Group (74 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Haskell, NJ / 74 miles away from New Haven, CT

    Power Door Locks, Air Conditioning, Dual Air Bags, MAZDA CONNECT, Power Steering, Heated Seats, AWD, Lane Departure Warning System, Side Air Bags, Bos...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (24 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM3KFBDM3J0390701
    Stock: CM-02637
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $12,195
    good price
    $734 below market
    • 122,100 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 24 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • Jet Auto Mall (128 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Burlington, NJ / 128 miles away from New Haven, CT

    Non-smoker owner.Vehicle Runs Well.Smooth ride.Must test drive.Drives great.

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (24 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM3KE4DY5G0621558
    Stock: N621558
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-11-2025

  • $11,590
    fair price
    $689 below market
    • 117,216 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 24 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • 5th Element Motors (113 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Acton, MA / 113 miles away from New Haven, CT

    * * * * JUST IN, HURRY UP TO TEST DRIVE * * * * * CLEAN TITLE* MAINTAINED ON TIME* EXCELLENT SHAPE* ARCTIC COLD A/C* NON-SMOKER OWNER* NO PETS* IT DE...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (24 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM3KE4DY7E0360947
    Stock: 360947
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-27-2024

  • $10,999
    fair price
    $467 below market
    • 118,780 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 24 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • Interauto (88 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Worcester, MA / 88 miles away from New Haven, CT

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (24 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM3KE4CY1E0388261
    Stock: 4050
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-15-2025

  • Stock photo**
    $15,995
    good price
    $1,906 below market
    • 61,024 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 24 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • J&S Mitsubishi (121 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Ewing, NJ / 121 miles away from New Haven, CT

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (24 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM3KE4DY4G0695571
    Stock: 24522YA
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-15-2025

  • $9,995
    good price
    $601 below market
    • 135,564 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 24 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • Adams Motors (64 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Alarm
    Close

    Located in Inwood, NY / 64 miles away from New Haven, CT

    Adam's Motors Inc. 553 Burnside Avenue, Inwood, NY, 11096 Hours of Operation:Mon thru Sat 9:30am - 7pm sunday 10am-5pm PHONE - 5**-6**-3*** We are loc...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (24 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM3KE4BY3G0670647
    Stock: 670647
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-16-2024

  • New Listing
    $15,999
    good price
    $1,576 below market
    • 58,400 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 24 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • AutoFair Ford (136 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Manchester, NH / 136 miles away from New Haven, CT

    The 2016 Mazda CX-5 Touring in Crystal White Pearl Mica is a well-equipped, all-wheel-drive compact SUV that balances performance, comfort, and effici...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (24 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM3KE4CY6G0909722
    Stock: FM15492
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-13-2025

  • New Listing
    Stock photo**
    $8,995
    good price
    $1,129 below market
    • 156,238 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 24 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • Huggard & Ewing (109 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Stoughton, MA / 109 miles away from New Haven, CT

    Interior and exterior detailed perfectlyAll maintenance has been done.This car has a clean title and comes with a free Carfax report.We have a finance...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (24 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM3KE4CY5G0739448
    Stock: 739448
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-13-2025

  • $9,995
    fair price
    $160 below market
    • 149,668 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 24 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • East Coast Auto Sales & Service Center (55 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Grisworld, CT / 55 miles away from New Haven, CT

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (24 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM3KE4DY3E0403471
    Stock: 403471
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-20-2025

  • Price Drop
    $19,198
    good price
    $741 below market
    • 42,708 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 24 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • CarTopia (92 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in North Plainfield, NJ / 92 miles away from New Haven, CT

    This vehicle won't be on the lot long! This is an exceptional vehicle at an affordable price! With fewer than 45,000 miles on the odometer, this 4 doo...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (24 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM3KFBDM2J0446563
    Stock: C3997
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-31-2025

  • $17,990
    fair price
    $873 below market
    • 56,815 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 24 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • Turnpike Auto (132 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in North Andover, MA / 132 miles away from New Haven, CT

    NO CREDIT OR BAD CREDIT WE CAN HELP.

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (24 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM3KE4DY5G0776675
    Stock: 776675
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-12-2025

  • $9,656
    good price
    $1,305 below market
    • 132,085 miles
    • 2 accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 24 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • Platinum Car Sales (109 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Stoughton, MA / 109 miles away from New Haven, CT

    Interior and exterior detailed perfectlyAll maintenance has been done.This car has a clean title and comes with a free Carfax report.We have a finance...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (24 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM3KE4DY2E0335020
    Stock: PC335020
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-24-2025

  • New Listing
    $11,495
    fair price
    $448 below market
    • 98,217 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 24 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • Condemi Motor Company (67 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Lodi, NJ / 67 miles away from New Haven, CT

    Introducing the 2014 Mazda Mazda CX-5! It just arrived on our lot this past week! All of the premium features expected of a Mazda are offered, includi...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (24 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM3KE4CY3E0330166
    Stock: 330166
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-04-2024

  • $17,990
    fair price
    $668 below market
    • 59,135 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 24 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • Gesner Auto (100 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Taunton, MA / 100 miles away from New Haven, CT

    We speak English, Spanish and Portuguese See all services just completed by our service department in photos.All purchases include the first Free oil ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (24 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM3KE4DYXG0909303
    Stock: 3457A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-12-2025

  • Price Drop
    $9,980
    fair price
    $175 below market
    • 115,979 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 24 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • Rev Auto Wholesalers (70 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Paterson, NJ / 70 miles away from New Haven, CT

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (24 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM3KE4CY8E0396826
    Stock: 396826
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

Showing 253 - 273 out of 3,897 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Mazda CX-5

Read recent reviews for the Mazda CX-5
Overall Consumer Rating
3.9 out of 5 stars76 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 76 reviews
  • 5 star
    (46%)
  • 4 star
    (24%)
  • 3 star
    (14%)
  • 2 star
    (9%)
  • 1 star
    (7%)
4 out of 5 stars

Great, until the 2017 was released

suziesivlerado, 12/25/2014
2015 Mazda CX-5 Grand Touring 4dr SUV (2.5L 4cyl 6A)
Dec 2014- I just traded in a 2015 Accord sedan (which had multiple problems) for the 2015 CX-5. I prefer the style and drive of Mazda models. The seats in the CX5 are supportive and comfortable (apart from the head restraint which is not comfortable for short people) The Bose system sounds fine to me--not great-- but good enough. The interior noise level (I checked with a decibel … meter) is not great, but is equivalent to other SUVs in this price range. The car is relatively smooth on bumpy roads. The CX5 is known for being a pleasure to drive- sporty for an SUV with great handling. The electronic multifunction interface is not great. it is a bit slow and sometimes requires multiple entries. I am not able to download my messages. Also, the screen should be bigger. Fuel economy was lower than advertised. Only 28.5 on the hightway at 70 mph. 2017-- So, living in Florida, I found that the car took a long time to cool off, due to the lack of air conditioning vents in the back. Also, I just got tired of the road roar, especially on the highway. I'm trading it in for the 2017, which has loads of improvements. Still sticking with the CX5 , which gave me no problems while I owned it.
Report abuse

Used 2018 Mazda CX-5 in New Haven, CT Values

Estimated values
2018 Mazda CX-5 Grand Touring 4dr SUV AWD (2.5L 4cyl 6A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$13,889$16,106$17,944
Clean$13,333$15,442$17,183
Average$12,406$14,335$15,914
Rough$11,201$12,896$14,265

The average list price of a used 2018 Mazda CX-5 in New Haven, Connecticut is $13,384. The average mileage on a used Mazda CX-5 2018 for sale in New Haven, Connecticut is 96,408. Based on the average mileage of 96,408 for used 2018 Mazda CX-5 for sale in New Haven, CT and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Mazda CX-5 2018 in New Haven, Connecticut to be $12,406.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius200 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.