Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
1,178 listings
  • Stock photo**
    • 56,028 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 20 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • West Alabama Ford (209 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Sulligent, AL / 209 miles away from Columbus, GA

    Check out this 2023! Premium accommodation and potent powertrains testify to this model's dominance. A turbocharger further enhances performance, whil...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (20 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM3TCBAY0P0659055
    Stock: 659055
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-16-2025

    • 38,929 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use
    • 6 Seats, 20 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Beaver Toyota of Cumming (127 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Cumming, GA / 127 miles away from Columbus, GA

    WHY THIS VEHICLE? This 2021 Mazda CX-9 Carbon Edition, has an Polymetal Gray exterior and an Red interior color. 38929 miles. Stock Number PD534251 Im...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (20 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM3TCBDY1M0534251
    Stock: PD534251
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-24-2025

  • New Listing
    • 43,780 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 6 Seats, 20 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Team Mazda Baton Rouge (387 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Baton Rouge, LA / 387 miles away from Columbus, GA

    SONIC SILVER METALLIC, BLACK, LEATHER SEAT TRIM, Wheels: 18 x 8J Aluminum Alloy -inc: gray metallic finish, Trunk/Hatch Auto-Latch, Trip Computer, Tra...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (20 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM3TCBCY0P0656332
    Stock: P20360
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-20-2025

  • Selling or trading in?

    Know what your car is worth while you shop for your next vehicle.

    See my car’s value
  • New Listing
    Stock photo**
    • 32,361 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 20 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Gator Suzuki (398 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Melbourne, FL / 398 miles away from Columbus, GA

    How about this great vehicle! Representing the optimal blend of tarmac tearing performance and silky smooth highway refinement. A turbocharger is also...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (20 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM3TCBDY1N0625277
    Stock: J24218A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-19-2025

    • 40,472 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 6 Seats, 20 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Gary Simmons Lease - Sales (324 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Mc Kenzie, TN / 324 miles away from Columbus, GA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (20 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM3TCBCY9P0635821
    Stock: 1113967
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-22-2025

  • New Listing
    Stock photo**
    • 69,640 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 6 Seats, 22 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Auto Universe (332 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Memphis, TN / 332 miles away from Columbus, GA

    Auto Universe- 7300 Winchester Road Memphis, TN 38125 House of CERTIFIED QUALITY PRE-OWNED VEHICLES WITHOUT CERTIFIED DEALER PRICE MARK-UP. CarGurus T...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (22 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM3TCADY9M0524481
    Stock: 005167
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-16-2025

  • Stock photo**
    • Not provided
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 6 Seats, 20 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Westshore Mazda (344 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Tampa, FL / 344 miles away from Columbus, GA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (20 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM3TCBDY6N0614551
    Stock: N109254A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-05-2025

  • Stock photo**
    • 47,885 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 20 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Twin City Buick GMC (238 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Alcoa, TN / 238 miles away from Columbus, GA

    This vehicle is located at Twin City Auto Center 3076 Airport HWY Alcoa TN 37701, 8**-9**-3*** This 2023 Mazda CX-9 Touring Plus is loaded with the fo...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (20 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM3TCBAY5P0656751
    Stock: P0656751A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-08-2025

  • New Listing
    • 55,262 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 20 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Champion Preferred Automotive (377 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Nicholasville, KY / 377 miles away from Columbus, GA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (20 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM3TCBAY7P0658940
    Stock: 658940
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 56,802 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 20 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Oxmoor Mazda (401 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Louisville, KY / 401 miles away from Columbus, GA

    SummaryWelcome to Oxmoor Mazda. At Oxmoor Mazda we understand that delivering top quality service is the only way to earn business. We promise to make...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (20 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM3TCBAY6P0656855
    Stock: MU9028
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-14-2025

  • New Listing
    • 29,190 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use
    • 6 Seats, 20 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from CA to GA*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Pleasanton, CA / 2,103 miles away from Columbus, GA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (20 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM3TCBDY9N0613720
    Stock: 27457287
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 33,922 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 20 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from MD to GA*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Laurel, MD / 647 miles away from Columbus, GA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (20 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM3TCBCYXN0619303
    Stock: 27320690
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $29,998
    fair price
    $162 below market
    • 32,182 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use
    • 6 Seats, 20 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from NY to GA*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in East Meadow, NY / 850 miles away from Columbus, GA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (20 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM3TCBDY0N0617770
    Stock: 27171448
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 31,472 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 6 Seats, 20 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from UT to GA*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in South Jordan, UT / 1,589 miles away from Columbus, GA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (20 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM3TCBDY5P0632817
    Stock: 27491619
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    Stock photo**
    • Not provided
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 6 Seats, 20 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Westshore Mazda (344 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Tampa, FL / 344 miles away from Columbus, GA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (20 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM3TCBDY1N0618264
    Stock: 1235364A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-14-2025

  • New Listing
    $28,998
    fair price
    $72 below market
    • 34,441 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 20 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from CT to GA*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in East Haven, CT / 902 miles away from Columbus, GA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (20 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM3TCBAY8N0628794
    Stock: 27355814
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    • 77,665 miles
    • 2 accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 6 Seats, 20 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Urbandale, IA / 796 miles away from Columbus, GA

    3rd Row Seat,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Hands-Free Liftgate,Heated Seats,Heated Steering Wheel,Keyless Sta...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (20 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM3TCBDY5M0522054
    Stock: M0522054ST
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Stock photo**
    • 68,450 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 6 Seats, 20 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Karl Malone Toyota of Ruston (447 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Ruston, LA / 447 miles away from Columbus, GA

    2022 Mazda CX-9 Touring Plus Machine Gray Metallic AWD 2.5L 4-Cylinder 6-Speed AutomaticAWD, 2nd-Row Captain's Chairs, 3rd row seats: bench, 4-Wheel D...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (20 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM3TCBAY1N0617457
    Stock: R2111
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-12-2025

    • 57,822 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 6 Seats, 20 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Tim Short Mitsubishi (313 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Clarksville, TN / 313 miles away from Columbus, GA

    Recent Arrival! CARFAX One-Owner. Clean CARFAX.Tim Short Mitsubishi is proud to present you with another True Market Priced Pre-Owned Vehicle. This So...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (20 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM3TCBCY3P0657359
    Stock: D0364
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-12-2025

  • $24,998
    fair price
    $633 above market
    • 57,419 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use
    • 6 Seats, 20 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from MA to GA*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Norwood, MA / 1,009 miles away from Columbus, GA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (20 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM3TCBCY6M0526177
    Stock: 27170779
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 49,395 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 6 Seats, 20 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Davis Chrysler Dodge Jeep Ram (238 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Yulee, FL / 238 miles away from Columbus, GA

    CARFAX One-Owner. VALUE PRICED. FRESH OIL CHANGE, ONE OWNER, 125 POINT SAFETY INSPECTION, FREE CAR FAX REPORT, CX-9 Grand Touring, 4D Sport Utility, 2...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (20 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM3TCBDY9P0646767
    Stock: A5456
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-14-2025

Showing 1,135 - 1,155 out of 1,178 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Mazda CX-9

Read recent reviews for the Mazda CX-9
Overall Consumer Rating
4.4 out of 5 stars47 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 47 reviews
  • 5 star
    (70%)
  • 4 star
    (17%)
  • 3 star
    (9%)
  • 2 star
    (2%)
  • 1 star
    (2%)
4.63 out of 5 stars

Best AWD Crossover

greenmtneer, 07/05/2011
2011 Mazda CX-9 Touring 4dr SUV AWD (3.7L 6cyl 6A)
After extensive research and test driving, we selected the CX-9. Based upon reviews, and experience with friends' cars, we narrowed it down to the Highlander and the CX-9. Previously we had a Ford Explorer, and opted to not consider Ford due to the problems we had with that vehicle. GM and Honda were eliminated due to the price point (Toyota and Mazda clearly offer more value.) In the … end, the Mazda won out due to its handling, and its interior space. We test drove the CX-9 and Highlander back to back, and the difference in handling curves was remarkable. We also checked out the Audi Q7. We felt that the Mazda compared favorably to the Audi in all aspects, and is priced $20k less.
Report abuse

Used 2023 Mazda CX-9 in Columbus, GA Values

Estimated values
2023 Mazda CX-9 Touring Plus 4dr SUV AWD (2.5L 4cyl Turbo 6A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$23,528$24,738$26,101
Clean$23,233$24,402$25,719
Average$22,742$23,842$25,083
Rough$22,104$23,114$24,255

The average list price of a used 2023 Mazda CX-9 in Columbus, Georgia is $29,270. The average mileage on a used Mazda CX-9 2023 for sale in Columbus, Georgia is 48,059. Based on the average mileage of 48,059 for used 2023 Mazda CX-9 for sale in Columbus, GA and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Mazda CX-9 2023 in Columbus, Georgia to be $22,742.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Location

Search radius500 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.