Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
491 listings
  • $5,995
    fair price
    $779 below market
    • 193,812 miles
    • 1 accident, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 17 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Seacrest Sales (143 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Third-row seating
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Multi-Zone Climate C...
    Close

    Located in Elizabeth City, NC / 143 miles away from Raleigh, NC

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (17 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2C4RDGBG2ER371432
    Stock: 2795
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-17-2025

  • $4,500
    fair price
    $988 above market
    • 211,050 miles
    • No accidents, 4 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 16 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • G & D Auto Sales (25 mi away)
    • Third-row seating
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Multi-Zone Climate C...
    • Trip Computer
    Close

    Located in Smithfield, NC / 25 miles away from Raleigh, NC

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2D8HN54P78R801178
    Stock: 801178
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 11-20-2024

  • $15,995
    fair price
    $30 above market
    • 40,252 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 17 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Kelly's Automotive (171 mi away)
    • Third-row seating
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Multi-Zone Climate C...
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    Close

    Located in Manteo, NC / 171 miles away from Raleigh, NC

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (17 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2C4RDGBG1ER292155
    Stock: 5657
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-19-2025

  • $8,500
    fair price
    $37 above market
    • 136,310 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 17 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Chase Automotive Group (158 mi away)
    • Third-row seating
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Multi-Zone Climate C...
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    Close

    Located in Sumter, SC / 158 miles away from Raleigh, NC

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (17 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2C4RDGBG6ER130313
    Stock: 130313
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-13-2025

  • Stock photo**
    $9,850
    fair price
    $628 above market
    • 115,616 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, rental vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 17 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Bill's Auto Sales (124 mi away)
    • Third-row seating
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Multi-Zone Climate C...
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    Close

    Located in Roanoke, VA / 124 miles away from Raleigh, NC

    APPLY NOW AT THE TOP OF OUR WEBSITE

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (17 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2C4RDGCG1ER267318
    Stock: 19881
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-11-2025

  • $5,499
    fair price
    $242 above market
    • 159,000 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 17 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Carbon Motors (160 mi away)
    • Third-row seating
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Multi-Zone Climate C...
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    Close

    Located in Norfolk, VA / 160 miles away from Raleigh, NC

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (17 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2C4RDGCG5ER321235
    Stock: 321235
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-24-2025

  • $10,000
    great price
    $3,922 below market
    • 93,035 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, rental vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 17 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Victory Chevrolet (131 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Third-row seating
    Close

    Located in Charlotte, NC / 131 miles away from Raleigh, NC

    Clean CARFAX. Priced below KBB Fair Purchase Price!Odometer is 38376 miles below market average!Victory Chevrolet Certified.Heated front seats, Naviga...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (17 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2C4RDGEG1HR773362
    Stock: PD28869B
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-19-2025

  • Stock photo**
    • 77,250 miles
    • Insurance loss reported, 4 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 16 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Urban Exchange Auto (138 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Leather Seats
    • Third-row seating
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Richmond, VA / 138 miles away from Raleigh, NC

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Issue reported

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2D8HN54P38R139048
    Stock: 139048
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-27-2024

  • New Listing
    • 42,329 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 17 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from LA to NC*
    • Third-row seating
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Multi-Zone Climate C...
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    Close

    Located in Kenner, LA / 778 miles away from Raleigh, NC

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (17 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2C4RDGBGXER463047
    Stock: 27540896
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Photos not available
    $8,999
    fair price
    $222 above market
    • 124,207 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 17 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Ramey Chrysler Dodge Jeep Ram FIAT (172 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Third-row seating
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Multi-Zone Climate C...
    Close

    Located in Princeton, WV / 172 miles away from Raleigh, NC

    For the best sales price call the managers direct at 3**-4**-2***. Ask For Chris Bellini or RJ Miller.LOCAL NUMBER - 3**-4**-2***2014 Dodge Grand Cara...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (17 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2C4RDGBG2ER410942
    Stock: 2-T7225
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-10-2025

    • 122,007 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 17 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Autotrend Virginia (160 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Third-row seating
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Multi-Zone Climate C...
    Close

    Located in Virginia Beach, VA / 160 miles away from Raleigh, NC

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (17 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2C4RDGBG2FR600290
    Stock: 600290
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-27-2025

  • Photos not available
    • 113,348 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, rental vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 17 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Northern Neck Chevrolet (192 mi away)
    • Leather Seats
    • Third-row seating
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Power Liftgate/Trunk
    Close

    Located in Montross, VA / 192 miles away from Raleigh, NC

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (17 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2C4RDGEG3ER337639
    Stock: 26380A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-09-2025

    • 158,386 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, rental vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 17 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Chase Automotive Group (158 mi away)
    • Third-row seating
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Multi-Zone Climate C...
    • Rear Bench Seats
    Close

    Located in Sumter, SC / 158 miles away from Raleigh, NC

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (17 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2C4RDGCG9ER478508
    Stock: 478508
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 12-24-2024

  • Price Drop
    • 159,862 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 17 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Duncan Ford (111 mi away)
    • Third-row seating
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Multi-Zone Climate C...
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    Close

    Located in Rocky Mount, VA / 111 miles away from Raleigh, NC

    Cashmere/Sandstone Pearlcoat 2014 Dodge Grand Caravan SXT FWD 6-Speed Automatic 3.6L V6 24V VVT Grand Caravan SXT, 4D Passenger Van.Included in the ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (17 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2C4RDGCG3ER262492
    Stock: 25DT14A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-03-2025

    • 83,783 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 17 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Haywood Auto Sales (81 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Third-row seating
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Multi-Zone Climate C...
    Close

    Located in Lumberton, NC / 81 miles away from Raleigh, NC

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (17 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2C4RDGCGXER194594
    Stock: 5525
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 10-30-2024

  • New Listing
    • 86,858 miles
    • 7 Seats, 17 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Third-row seating
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Multi-Zone Climate C...
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    Close

    Located in Birmingham, AL / 485 miles away from Raleigh, NC

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (17 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2C4RDGBG3ER354395
    Stock: 2003866801
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-09-2025

    • 72,304 miles
    • 1 accident, 4 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 17 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from AZ to NC*
    • Third-row seating
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Multi-Zone Climate C...
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    Close

    Located in Tucson, AZ / 1,855 miles away from Raleigh, NC

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (17 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2C4RDGBG9ER306500
    Stock: 26639781
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $6,990
    great price
    $3,479 below market
    • 120,920 miles
    • 7 Seats, 17 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Timeline Motors (22 mi away)
    • Third-row seating
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Multi-Zone Climate C...
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    Close

    Located in Clayton, NC / 22 miles away from Raleigh, NC

    2015 DODGE GRAND CARAVAN SE WITH ONE OWNER ,Clean title with Automatic transmission, very clean inside and outside, everything in the car work as shou...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (17 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2C4RDGBG9FR516617
    Stock: 516617
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-22-2025

    • 122,840 miles
    • Issue reported, 4 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 17 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Auto Space (159 mi away)
    • Third-row seating
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Multi-Zone Climate C...
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    Close

    Located in Norfolk, VA / 159 miles away from Raleigh, NC

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Issue reported

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (17 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2C4RDGBG8ER400934
    Stock: 400934
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-17-2025

    • 148,112 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 17 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Conway Chrysler Jeep Dodge Ram (134 mi away)
    • Third-row seating
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Multi-Zone Climate C...
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    Close

    Located in Conway, SC / 134 miles away from Raleigh, NC

    Want to stretch your purchasing power? Introducing the 2014 Dodge Grand Caravan! The safety you need and the features you want at a great price! This ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (17 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2C4RDGBGXER103146
    Stock: P5205A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-26-2025

  • Price Drop
    Stock photo**
    • 75,424 miles
    • No accidents, 7 owners, rental vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 16 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Vantastic Mobility (112 mi away)
    • Third-row seating
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Multi-Zone Climate C...
    • Trip Computer
    Close

    Located in Wingate, NC / 112 miles away from Raleigh, NC

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1D8HN54P28B128539
    Stock: VM5686
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-06-2025

Showing 85 - 105 out of 491 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Dodge Grand Caravan

Read recent reviews for the Dodge Grand Caravan
Overall Consumer Rating
3.7 out of 5 stars33 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 33 reviews
  • 5 star
    (39%)
  • 4 star
    (27%)
  • 3 star
    (12%)
  • 2 star
    (15%)
  • 1 star
    (6%)
4 out of 5 stars

Still good at 8 years and 180k miles

oregonfamily, 05/18/2015
2011 Dodge Grand Caravan Crew 4dr Minivan (3.6L 6cyl 6A)
Over eight years and 180k miles, and in most respects this GC remains a great family/vacation/car-pool/kids-activities/daily-driver van. Pros still are: strong and so-far robust drivetrain; nice road manners, good road feedback - I honestly still enjoy driving the van; flexible seating/cargo options (Stow and Go is very nice when we infrequently use it); reliability in the main has … been great; and low purchase price compared to Japanese alternatives. Neutral points include: city gas mileage (17-19 mpg, even with Econ mode engaged), but that's probably what we should expect, and highway mileage is a much better 22-25 mpg; brakes are now longer and more evenly wearing than was the case on the first sets of pads and rotors, which may be just be me; and tires have worn well (replaced 3rd set after 57k miles). Negatives are: - not electronic, but electrical failures like intermittent or difficult-to-actuate buttons and switches, some of which are seasonally (hot weather) dependent, and a failed sliding-door remote locking mechanism which required removing the door skin to replace. We're on our 3rd alternator, mainly because the 2nd one failed very early (not Dodge's fault, and fixed under alternator and mechanic's warranties. We, the dealer, and our independent mechanic are now sceptical earlier failures attributed to clockspring wiring harness in the steering column were correct. We don't have the gascap seal/engine-check error anymore. - the vinyl upholstery on the front seat and front-door armrests that looked cheap when the car was new, was - we've got unsightly splits and cracks on these now; and we occasionally have a. But for us at least, these are minor issues. All of them are known issues with Dodges of this vintage. The armrest vinyl cracking has aftermarket solutions - though that shouldn't have been necessary. The gas-cap error is a nuisance, but after going to our mechanic a couple of times for diagnosis and resetting, it prompted me to get an OBD scanner (BlueDriver and the Haynes onboard diagnostics manual are both highly recommended), which we leave permanently plugged in, and reset the error lights ourselves. Looking back, getting this Grand Caravan still looks like the right thing to have done. We fully expect to keep the van to 200k miles, and hope to get to 300k, which will make it our last van.
Report abuse

Used 2014 Dodge Grand Caravan in Raleigh, NC Values

Estimated values
2014 Dodge Grand Caravan SE 4dr Minivan (3.6L 6cyl 6A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$3,244$4,416$5,170
Clean$3,100$4,187$4,867
Average$2,858$3,807$4,363
Rough$2,545$3,312$3,708

The average list price of a used 2014 Dodge Grand Caravan in Raleigh, North Carolina is $10,454. The average mileage on a used Dodge Grand Caravan 2014 for sale in Raleigh, North Carolina is 116,986. Based on the average mileage of 116,986 for used 2014 Dodge Grand Caravan for sale in Raleigh, NC and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Dodge Grand Caravan 2014 in Raleigh, North Carolina to be $2,858.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Location

Search radius200 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.

** This image is a stock photo and may not reflect the model year or color of, and/or equipment offered on, the advertised vehicle.