Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
455 listings
  • New Listing
    • 79,132 miles
    • 7 Seats, 19 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Sacramento, CA / 2,453 miles away from Chesapeake, VA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5N1DL0MM3LC519273
    Stock: 2003740093
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-15-2025

  • New Listing
    • 57,379 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 19 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Capitol Auto of Smithfield (146 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Smithfield, NC / 146 miles away from Chesapeake, VA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5N1DL0MM4LC522263
    Stock: P522263
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $22,590
    fair price
    $239 above market
    • 62,753 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 19 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Boston, MA / 472 miles away from Chesapeake, VA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5N1DL0MM1LC523757
    Stock: 2003385605
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 01-08-2025

  • Selling or trading in?

    Know what your car is worth while you shop for your next vehicle.

    See my car’s value
  • New Listing
    • 93,465 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 20 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Third-row seating
    Close

    Located in Dallas, TX / 1,195 miles away from Chesapeake, VA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5N1DL0MNXLC504794
    Stock: 2003711338
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-06-2025

    • 59,165 miles
    • 2 accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 20 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Pete Smith Auto Sales (123 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Third-row seating
    Close

    Located in Louisburg, NC / 123 miles away from Chesapeake, VA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5N1DL0MN3LC525616
    Stock: 2406
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    Stock photo**
    • 40,960 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 20 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Greensboro Auto Center (199 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Third-row seating
    Close

    Located in Greensboro, NC / 199 miles away from Chesapeake, VA

    2 YEARS COMPLIMENTARY MAINTENANCE (for vehicles 100,000 miles or less. See Dealer for details.) COMPLIMENTARY TIRE ROTATIONS FOR LIFE (with any servic...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5N1DL0MN8LC505717
    Stock: 3233
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-08-2025

  • New Listing
    • 57,345 miles
    • 7 Seats, 20 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from CA to VA*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Third-row seating
    Close

    Located in Riverside, CA / 2,312 miles away from Chesapeake, VA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5N1DL0MN0LC514962
    Stock: 27093303
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 58,157 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, rental vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 20 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from GA to VA*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Third-row seating
    Close

    Located in Kennesaw, GA / 507 miles away from Chesapeake, VA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5N1DL0MNXLC521109
    Stock: 26777290
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 47,355 miles
    • 7 Seats, 20 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from GA to VA*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Third-row seating
    Close

    Located in Stockbridge, GA / 505 miles away from Chesapeake, VA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5N1DL0MN3LC513529
    Stock: 27066496
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 44,505 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 19 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from IL to VA*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Hillside, IL / 717 miles away from Chesapeake, VA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5N1DL0MM3LC548417
    Stock: 27212955
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 64,809 miles
    • 7 Seats, 20 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from CA to VA*
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Third-row seating
    Close

    Located in Inglewood, CA / 2,364 miles away from Chesapeake, VA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5N1DL0MN0LC547119
    Stock: 27329673
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 110,222 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 19 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Sheehy Hyundai of Chantilly (164 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Chantilly, VA / 164 miles away from Chesapeake, VA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5N1DL0MM6LC518599
    Stock: 1043807A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-16-2025

  • Stock photo**
    • 63,800 miles
    • 2 accidents, 3 owners, rental vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 20 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Thompson Buick GMC (148 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Third-row seating
    Close

    Located in Raleigh, NC / 148 miles away from Chesapeake, VA

    You won't want to miss this excellent value! It just arrived on our lot this past week! INFINITI infused the interior with top shelf amenities, such a...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5N1DL0MN5LC533152
    Stock: 37272B
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-29-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 79,420 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 19 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • DARCARS Chrysler Jeep Dodge Ram of New Carrollton (158 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in New Carrollton, MD / 158 miles away from Chesapeake, VA

    Recent Arrival! 2020 INFINITI QX60 LUXE Majestic White 3.5L V6 AWD CVT120V Power Outlet, 1st & 2nd Row Unique Hour Glass Seat Quilting, 2nd & 3rd Row ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5N1DL0MM5LC529917
    Stock: P1W0166
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-29-2025

  • Photos not available
    $11,269
    great price
    $2,154 below market
    • 117,630 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 19 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • DealHunter Autos (138 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Stafford, VA / 138 miles away from Chesapeake, VA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5N1DL0MM1HC502060
    Stock: 502060
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $12,499
    good price
    $1,042 below market
    • 152,000 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 19 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Town Auto (5 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Chesapeake, VA / 5 miles away from Chesapeake, VA

    2019 Infiniti QX60 152K Miles Luxe AWD 4dr SUV 3.5L V6 *No Accidents* TOWN AUTO https://www.townautova.com/ We open Monday through Saturday 10 am to 6...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5N1DL0MM2KC501684
    Stock: 501684
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 12-27-2024

  • $18,995
    good price
    $1,889 below market
    • 90,850 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 20 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Prestige Auto Brokers (NC) (143 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Raleigh, NC / 143 miles away from Chesapeake, VA

    Like brand new inside and out one owner 2019 Infiniti QX60 Luxe edition and comes in Hermosa Blue with black leather interior and comes with a clean C...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5N1DL0MN1KC527637
    Stock: 527637
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-14-2025

  • New Listing
    $15,985
    good price
    $1,889 below market
    • 91,230 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 19 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Crossroads INFINITI of Apex (160 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Apex, NC / 160 miles away from Chesapeake, VA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5N1DL0MMXHC544002
    Stock: PT2022A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-10-2025

  • $19,643
    good price
    $1,120 below market
    • 74,328 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, rental vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 19 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Sheehy INFINITI of Annapolis (159 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Annapolis, MD / 159 miles away from Chesapeake, VA

    2019 INFINITI QX60 PURE AWD at Sheehy INFINITI of Annapolis! This QX60 has an exterior color of Hagane Blue with Graphite Artificial Leather interior....

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5N1DL0MM8KC566510
    Stock: R8040PA
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 04-25-2025

  • $19,950
    good price
    $1,015 below market
    • 77,971 miles
    • No accidents, 4 owners, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 19 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Jason Ross Auto Sales (185 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Burlington, NC / 185 miles away from Chesapeake, VA

    BEAUTIFUL 2019 INFINITI QX60 PURE AWD WITH ONLY 77K MILES!CARFAX CERTIFIED NO ACCIDENTS!!EXCELLENT CONDITION!!!3RD ROW SEATING, back up camera, BLIND ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5N1DL0MM6KC532808
    Stock: 532808
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-11-2025

  • New Listing
    $10,950
    fair price
    $340 below market
    • 139,822 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 19 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Woodbridge Public Auto Auction (145 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Woodbridge, VA / 145 miles away from Chesapeake, VA

    LOADED WITH VALUE! Comes equipped with: Rear Air Conditioning, Sunroof, Bluetooth, Front Heated Seats. This INFINITI QX60 also includes Power Driver's...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5N1DL0MM0HC520453
    Stock: 143794
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-14-2025

Showing 232 - 252 out of 455 listings

Consumer Reviews for the INFINITI QX60

Read recent reviews for the INFINITI QX60
Overall Consumer Rating
3.1 out of 5 stars26 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 26 reviews
  • 5 star
    (38%)
  • 4 star
    (0%)
  • 3 star
    (15%)
  • 2 star
    (23%)
  • 1 star
    (23%)
1 out of 5 stars

Run far away

Scahail, 11/16/2023
2023 INFINITI QX60 SENSORY 4dr SUV AWD (3.5L 6cyl 9A)
I bought a new QX60 in august of 2022. It has been nothing but a nightmare since the very beginning. When I first bought it, it began malfunctioning in numerous ways and I brought it in repeatedly with dozens of videos of proof of the car malfunctioning. Since they “couldn’t duplicate” the issue they refused to do anything about it other than check that the software is up to date. I even … brought it in clearly malfunctioning at one point, but my service advisor conveniently forgot about that. Now, over a year later, it has been in the shop countless times for a total of months at this point. They have replaced, according to my repair records, at least 17000$ worth of things that were covered under warranty but my car is now malfunctioning worse than ever. They FINALLY agreed to repurchase it, after months and months of gaslighting. Even blaming a CHARGING CABLE plugged into the back seat of my car for all of my problems at one point. The problem is, they are inaccurately applying my states lemon law and not properly acknowledging when my car qualified as a lemon. They are trying to not acknowledge or reimburse me for all of the time my car has had problems, stating that all of the times I brought it in from the beginning don’t count because they didn’t actually do a repair, even though I was BEGGING them to fix it. Infiniti is claiming my car just now qualifies as a lemon, ignoring my repeated attempts from the beginning to try to get my car fixed. My dealership even falsified my service records for one of my visits, masking a repair attempt that would have qualified it as a lemon sooner. Infiniti is claiming that they don’t have to reimburse me for nearly as much as if they properly followed the laws set forth by my state. They are trying to cheat me out of as much as 14,000$. Be very weary of this company. Save yourself the headache and avoid these cars at all cost, especially the QX60.
Report abuse

Used 2020 INFINITI QX60 in Chesapeake, VA Values

Estimated values
2020 INFINITI QX60 PURE 4dr SUV AWD (3.5L 6cyl CVT) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$17,942$19,295$20,597
Clean$17,615$18,942$20,218
Average$17,071$18,354$19,587
Rough$16,364$17,589$18,765

The average list price of a used 2020 INFINITI QX60 in Chesapeake, Virginia is $21,110. The average mileage on a used INFINITI QX60 2020 for sale in Chesapeake, Virginia is 79,157. Based on the average mileage of 79,157 for used 2020 INFINITI QX60 for sale in Chesapeake, VA and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used INFINITI QX60 2020 in Chesapeake, Virginia to be $17,071.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius200 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.