Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
732 listings
  • Price Drop
    $39,990
    fair price
    $1,259 below market
    • 9,803 miles
    • No accidents, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 25 City / 34 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Atlanta, GA / 550 miles away from Naples, FL

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (25 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBX73EF06R5Z74675
    Stock: 2003654829
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-12-2025

  • $27,971
    fair price
    $23 above market
    • 25,010 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 24 City / 33 Hwy MPG
    • Fields BMW of Daytona (212 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Daytona Beach, FL / 212 miles away from Naples, FL

    BMW Certified, GREAT MILES 25,001! Heated Seats, Sunroof, NAV, Satellite Radio, Onboard Communications System, Back-Up Camera, Turbo, Power Liftgate, ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (24 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBXJG7C05N5U95247
    Stock: DPL7827
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 05-13-2025

  • Price Drop
    $47,861
    fair price
    $196 above market
    • 15,913 miles
    • No accidents, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • BMW of Fort Walton Beach (421 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Fort Walton Beach, FL / 421 miles away from Naples, FL

    Experience High-Performance Luxury: 2024 BMW X1 M35iDiscover the perfect fusion of exhilarating performance and refined sophistication with the Certif...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (23 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBX13EF05R5Z54875
    Stock: R5Z54875
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 04-09-2025

  • $35,284
    fair price
    $582 above market
    • 18,266 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 25 City / 34 Hwy MPG
    • Toyota of Deerfield Beach (100 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Deerfield Beach, FL / 100 miles away from Naples, FL

    Recent Arrival! 25/34 City/Highway MPGCARFAX One-Owner. Clean CARFAX.Black Sapphire Metallic 2024 BMW X1 xDrive28i 2.0L 4-Cylinder DOHC 16V TwinPower ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (25 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBX73EF07R5007704
    Stock: P007704
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-08-2025

  • $28,998
    good price
    $1,568 below market
    • 23,835 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from CA to FL*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Ontario, CA / 2,199 miles away from Naples, FL

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (23 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBXJG9C08N5U67342
    Stock: 27428242
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    Stock photo**
    $39,991
    fair price
    $747 above market
    • 12,295 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 25 City / 34 Hwy MPG
    • Jaguar Lakeland (132 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Lakeland, FL / 132 miles away from Naples, FL

    ***JAGUAR LAND ROVER LAKELAND.Recent Arrival! Odometer is 4308 miles below market average! 25/34 City/Highway MPG 2024 BMW X1 xDrive28i AWD 7-Speed Au...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (25 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBX73EF04R5Z89093
    Stock: P223
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-17-2025

  • Price Drop
    $27,998
    fair price
    $0 below market
    • 30,209 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from DE to FL*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Newark, DE / 995 miles away from Naples, FL

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (23 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBXJG9C05N5U80467
    Stock: 27203603
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $27,998
    fair price
    $697 above market
    • 32,668 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 24 City / 33 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from NV to FL*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Henderson, NV / 2,074 miles away from Naples, FL

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (24 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBXJG7C07N5U67353
    Stock: 27403429
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    • 78,194 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 24 City / 33 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Sacramento, CA / 2,447 miles away from Naples, FL

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (24 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBXJG7C08N5V12462
    Stock: 2003662722
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-12-2025

  • Price Drop
    $22,298
    fair price
    $337 above market
    • 31,932 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 24 City / 33 Hwy MPG
    • Mercedes-Benz of Pompano (98 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Pompano Beach, FL / 98 miles away from Naples, FL

    Convenience PackageStorm Bay MetallicSun/MoonroofNavigation SystemSport SeatsFine Wood Fineline Trim W/Pearl Chrome AccentKeyless StartRear Spo...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (24 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBXJG7C0XL5R74020
    Stock: L5R74020
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-31-2025

  • New Listing
    $50,990
    fair price
    $1,179 above market
    • 8,528 miles
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Philadelphia, PA / 1,030 miles away from Naples, FL

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (23 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBX13EF00R5X95148
    Stock: 2003763232
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-22-2025

  • New Listing
    $29,998
    fair price
    $778 above market
    • 14,704 miles
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from NV to FL*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Reno, NV / 2,370 miles away from Naples, FL

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (23 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBXJG9C0XN5U68010
    Stock: 27189024
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 10,412 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 25 City / 34 Hwy MPG
    • BMW of Tampa (137 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Tampa, FL / 137 miles away from Naples, FL

    LOADED WITH CONVENIENCE PACKAGE, xLINE PACKAGE, HARMAN KARDON PREMIUM AUDIO SYSTEM, PANORAMIC MOONROOF, NAVIGATION, APPLE CARPLAY, ANDROID AUTO, KEYLE...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (25 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBX73EF06R5Z88771
    Stock: O88771L
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-23-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 10,295 miles
    • No accidents, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 25 City / 34 Hwy MPG
    • Coggin BMW Treasure Coast (119 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Fort Pierce, FL / 119 miles away from Naples, FL

    RECALL NOTICE: Some vehicles offered for sale may be subject to unrepaired manufacturer safety recalls. To determine the recall status of a vehicle, v...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (25 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBX73EF03R5Z69983
    Stock: R5Z69983L
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 05-07-2025

  • Price Drop
    $31,998
    fair price
    $507 above market
    • 21,066 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from OH to FL*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Cincinnati, OH / 921 miles away from Naples, FL

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (23 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBXJG9C06N5V06090
    Stock: 26709535
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 10,598 miles
    • No accidents, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 25 City / 34 Hwy MPG
    • Coggin BMW Treasure Coast (119 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Fort Pierce, FL / 119 miles away from Naples, FL

    RECALL NOTICE: Some vehicles offered for sale may be subject to unrepaired manufacturer safety recalls. To determine the recall status of a vehicle, v...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (25 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBX73EF00R5Z54521
    Stock: COBL241262
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 05-03-2025

    • 13,455 miles
    • No accidents, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 25 City / 34 Hwy MPG
    • BMW of Tampa (137 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Tampa, FL / 137 miles away from Naples, FL

    LOADED WITH $6,700 IN FACTORY OPTIONS: AWD, PREMIUM PACKAGE, DRIVING ASSISTANCE PLUS PACKAGE, HARMAN KARDON PREMIUM AUDIO SYSTEM, HEADS-UP DISPLAY, AD...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (25 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBX73EF00R5Z31949
    Stock: 5Z31949
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-19-2025

  • New Listing
    • 9,221 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 25 City / 34 Hwy MPG
    • Ferman BMW of Palm Harbor (144 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Palm Harbor, FL / 144 miles away from Naples, FL

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (25 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBX73EF0XR5Y42292
    Stock: PB13352
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-15-2025

    • 13,704 miles
    • No accidents, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 25 City / 34 Hwy MPG
    • BMW of Tampa (137 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Tampa, FL / 137 miles away from Naples, FL

    LOADED WITH $5,800 IN FACTORY OPTIONS: AWD, TECHNOLOGY PACKAGE, HEADS-UP DISPLAY, PANORAMIC MOONROOF, NAVIGATION, 19-INCH ALLOY WHEEL UPGRADE, KEYLESS...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (25 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBX73EF06R5Z69542
    Stock: 5Z69542
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-19-2025

  • New Listing
    $15,852
    great price
    $5,069 below market
    • 80,877 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 24 City / 33 Hwy MPG
    • Drive Away Enterprises (126 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Brandon, FL / 126 miles away from Naples, FL

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (24 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBXJG7C03M5S42359
    Stock: S42359
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 2,244 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 25 City / 34 Hwy MPG
    • BMW of Macon (481 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Macon, GA / 481 miles away from Naples, FL

    Thank you for choosing BMW of Macon, this BLACK 2024 BMW X1 xDrive28i is a great choice! Check out the following:City 25/ Hwy 34 Safety and Security F...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (25 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBX73EF01R5009870
    Stock: BU1105
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-16-2025

Showing 232 - 252 out of 732 listings

Consumer Reviews for the BMW X1

Read recent reviews for the BMW X1
Overall Consumer Rating
3.2 out of 5 stars17 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 17 reviews
  • 5 star
    (35%)
  • 4 star
    (18%)
  • 3 star
    (6%)
  • 2 star
    (18%)
  • 1 star
    (24%)
1 out of 5 stars

Awful electronics and poor quality construction

Joe R, 12/12/2023
2023 BMW X1 xDrive28i 4dr SUV AWD (2.0L 4cyl Turbo 7AM)
We purposely invested in a BMW for its reputation for quality -- and we were sorely disappointed. The fancy display was trouble from the start; hard to navigate and operate, and cutting out the CarPlay connection at critical times. We reached our limit when the vehicle wouldn't start on a trip to Vermont; we had to have it jumped and wasted a day of our trip, losing hotel deposits and … time. The repairs involved replacing parts in the system that were defective -- and would have cost $2,000 if not under warranty. This was not the experience we signed up for, so we sold the car after less than a year of use.
Report abuse

Used 2024 BMW X1 in Naples, FL Values

Estimated values
2024 BMW X1 xDrive28i 4dr SUV AWD (2.0L 4cyl Turbo 7AM) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$27,228$28,835$30,792
Clean$26,972$28,536$30,444
Average$26,546$28,039$29,865
Rough$25,991$27,393$29,112

The average list price of a used 2024 BMW X1 in Naples, Florida is $35,339. The average mileage on a used BMW X1 2024 for sale in Naples, Florida is 22,535. Based on the average mileage of 22,535 for used 2024 BMW X1 for sale in Naples, FL and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used BMW X1 2024 in Naples, Florida to be $26,546.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius500 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.