Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
1,237 listings

$0
Porsche Macan rebates in 06532
Check your savings potential before you buy

  • $49,777
    fair price
    $59 above market
    • 23,428 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 4cyl automated manual
    • Porsche of Nashua (123 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Nashua, NH / 123 miles away from New Haven, CT

    Call 6**-5**-1*** for immediate information on this vehicle Porsche Nashua is New England's #1 Porsche Volume CPO Dealer! *Rare Find*, Bluetooth , Bl...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2A56NLB10238
    Stock: PU1988
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 04-04-2025

  • $47,495
    fair price
    $441 above market
    • 34,912 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 4cyl automated manual
    • Paul Miller Porsche (84 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Parsippany, NJ / 84 miles away from New Haven, CT

    *** 100% Online Purchase Available ***Certified. Volcano Grey Metallic 2022 Porsche Macan AWD 7-Speed Porsche Doppelkupplung (PDK) 2.0L I4 Turbocharge...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2A56NLB06187
    Stock: I9571
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 04-16-2025

  • $48,998
    fair price
    $62 below market
    • 23,406 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 4cyl automated manual
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from FL to CT*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Orlando, FL / 1,006 miles away from New Haven, CT

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2A52NLB03738
    Stock: 26990662
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $48,590
    fair price
    $338 below market
    • 24,098 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 4cyl automated manual
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Charlotte, NC / 600 miles away from New Haven, CT

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2A56NLB06044
    Stock: 2003676849
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-28-2025

  • New Listing
    Stock photo**
    $42,970
    fair price
    $369 below market
    • 35,513 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 4cyl automated manual
    • Milan Motors (66 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Little Ferry, NJ / 66 miles away from New Haven, CT

    Milan Motors relies on external data provided by the vehicle manufacturer and other resources and, therefore, exact configuration, specifications, col...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2A56NLB07355
    Stock: 7355a
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-02-2025

  • $58,900
    fair price
    $1,178 above market
    • 5,135 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 4cyl automated manual
    • Porsche Gold Coast (50 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Westbury, NY / 50 miles away from New Haven, CT

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2A50RLB18941
    Stock: RLB18941
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-23-2024

  • $45,999
    fair price
    $285 above market
    • 37,200 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 4cyl automated manual
    • International Motor Group (80 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in East Greenwich, RI / 80 miles away from New Haven, CT

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2A59NLB02747
    Stock: B02747
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-11-2025

  • New Listing
    $31,900
    fair price
    $847 above market
    • 59,561 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 4cyl automated manual
    • G Motors Old Bridge (94 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Old Bridge, NJ / 94 miles away from New Haven, CT

    __________________________________________________________________________________G Motors Auto Group has been in business since 2016 with five locati...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2A5XLLB13107
    Stock: OLB13107
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $55,998
    fair price
    $1,302 above market
    • 41,574 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 6cyl automated manual
    • CarMax Edison (94 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Edison, NJ / 94 miles away from New Haven, CT

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AG2A57LLB55796
    Stock: 27249092
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $49,090
    fair price
    $170 above market
    • 32,781 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 4cyl automated manual
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Maplewood, MN / 1,042 miles away from New Haven, CT

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,CarFax 1-Owner,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Heated Seats,Keyless Start,Leather Seats,Navigation Sy...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2A51NLB01866
    Stock: NLB01866P
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Stock photo**
    $78,987
    fair price
    $1,225 above market
    • 11,029 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 6cyl automated manual
    • Porsche Stratham (155 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Stratham, NH / 155 miles away from New Haven, CT

    BASICALLY NEW HIGHLY EQUIPPED MACAN S. PREMIUM PACKAGE PLUS, SPORTS CHRONO PACKAGE, AND SPORTS EXHAUST SYSTEM! JET BLACK METALLIC ON BLACK INTERIOR!AF...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AG2A5XRLB36071
    Stock: DP6837
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-24-2025

    • 36,030 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 4cyl automated manual
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from TX to CT*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Irving, TX / 1,439 miles away from New Haven, CT

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2A50NLB02684
    Stock: 27353235
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 6,156 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 4cyl automated manual
    • Porsche Delaware (185 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Newark, DE / 185 miles away from New Haven, CT

    PACPO - Porsche Approved Certified Pre-Owned2024 Porsche Macan2 A1 Black 0.003 AF Standard Interior in Black 0.004 2ZH Heated Steering Wheel 280.005 7...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2A58RLB20937
    Stock: 240397L
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 03-13-2025

    • 37,923 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 4cyl automated manual
    • Maserati of Monmouth (95 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Ocean Township, NJ / 95 miles away from New Haven, CT

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: Yes

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2A54LLB09926
    Stock: 4LLB09926
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-07-2024

  • Price Drop
    $46,998
    fair price
    $1,181 above market
    • 39,958 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 4cyl automated manual
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Portland, OR / 2,474 miles away from New Haven, CT

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,CarFax 1-Owner,High Demand,Rare Find,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Heated Seats,Keyless Start,Leath...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2A57NLB01502
    Stock: NLB01502P
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $45,590
    fair price
    $198 above market
    • 42,178 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 4cyl automated manual
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Charlotte, NC / 600 miles away from New Haven, CT

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2A56NLB06738
    Stock: 2003671551
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-19-2025

    • 4,330 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • Porsche South Shore (57 mi away)
    • AWD
    • Heated front seats
    • Apple CarPlay
    • Remote keyless entry
    • Navigation System
    Close

    Located in Freeport, NY / 57 miles away from New Haven, CT

    Porsche South Shore & McGovern Automotive Group is proud to present this....Certified. Black 2024 Porsche Macan 2.0L I4 Turbocharged 7-Speed Porsche D...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2A58RLB04141
    Stock: PN2806L
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 02-01-2025

  • New Listing
    $40,998
    good price
    $1,473 below market
    • 52,003 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 4cyl automated manual
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from IL to CT*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Tinley Park, IL / 769 miles away from New Haven, CT

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2A50NLB05570
    Stock: 27245756
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 9,071 miles
    • No accidents, personal use only
    • 6cyl automated manual
    • Porsche Delaware (185 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Newark, DE / 185 miles away from New Haven, CT

    NEW CAR CORPORATE DEMONSTRATOR - NEVER TITLEDPACPO - Porsche Approved Certified Pre-Owned2024 Porsche Macan S $72,300WE Leather Package in Black with ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AG2A5XRLB40699
    Stock: 240467CR
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 03-29-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 123 miles
    • No accidents, personal use only
    • Porsche Warrington (136 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Warrington, PA / 136 miles away from New Haven, CT

    Over 100 New and Pre-Owned Porsches Available at porschewarrington.com, Factory Options Include:0QGSZUModel Designation on Rear and electric Logo on S...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2XA6RL003567
    Stock: 341536
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-05-2024

    • 10,177 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • Porsche South Shore (57 mi away)
    • Awd
    • Heated front seats
    • Apple CarPlay
    • Remote keyless entry
    • Navigation System
    Close

    Located in Freeport, NY / 57 miles away from New Haven, CT

    Porsche South & McGovern Automotive Group is proud to present this.... Certified. Black 2024 Porsche Macan 2.0L I4 Turbocharged 7-Speed Porsche Doppel...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2A56RLB04140
    Stock: PN2817L
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 02-01-2025

Showing 232 - 252 out of 1,237 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Porsche Macan

Read recent reviews for the Porsche Macan
Overall Consumer Rating
4.5 out of 5 stars36 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 36 reviews
  • 5 star
    (78%)
  • 4 star
    (6%)
  • 3 star
    (8%)
  • 2 star
    (3%)
  • 1 star
    (6%)
5 out of 5 stars

DOUBLED DOWN! Upgraded from Base to GTS

MAPC, 08/29/2020
2020 Porsche Macan GTS 4dr SUV AWD (2.9L 6cyl Turbo 7AM)
First- this review is NOT to say that the Base isn't a great car--IT IS. I owned my 2018 for two years and LOVED it. I have owned many cars and have only 2 other times ever bought another version of a car I had already owned- and this is the first time that I am doing in back to back. The build quality, interior fit and finish is fantastic. Nothing feels as good- at any price. In terms … of size, it is true that this is not a 'family hauler'- which is exactly why I like it so much. I have owned a Cayenne S in the past but I just prefer smaller cars- even though I am a bigger guy. My favorite car of all time (until now!) has been my GTI- and this feels like a bigger/higher end/big-boy version of my GTI. Yes, they are expensive. Yes, they charge you extra for many things that others provide in their base prices....but, to me, it is well worth it. I looked at x3 M40i, Stelvio, Velar, etc and none of them comes close to the build quality, handling and overall performance of the Macan. BASE- absolutely good enough if you are not a performance junkee S- great all around, you won't regret spending the $ for it if you can afford it GTS- definitely the 'one to get' for the true Porsche experience in a CUV TURBO- certainly appealing but, IMHO, only if you load it up with the performance/handling features that are standard in the GTS but optional in the Turbo If you are considering a Macan- go for it- you will not regret it.
Report abuse

Used 2022 Porsche Macan in New Haven, CT Values

Estimated values
2022 Porsche Macan 4dr SUV AWD (2.0L 4cyl Turbo 7AM) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$38,320$40,483$42,739
Clean$37,809$39,922$42,125
Average$36,958$38,988$41,101
Rough$35,852$37,773$39,769

The average list price of a used 2022 Porsche Macan in New Haven, Connecticut is $53,620. The average mileage on a used Porsche Macan 2022 for sale in New Haven, Connecticut is 26,980. Based on the average mileage of 26,980 for used 2022 Porsche Macan for sale in New Haven, CT and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Porsche Macan 2022 in New Haven, Connecticut to be $36,958.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius200 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

EV Details

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.