Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
1,001 listings
    • 39,100 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 4cyl automated manual
    • Porsche Little Rock (311 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Little Rock, AR / 311 miles away from Lafayette, LA

    Porsche Little Rock is delighted to showcase this exceptional Pre-Owned 2023 Porsche Macan. With 39,100 miles on the odometer, this compact luxury SUV...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2A58PLB03407
    Stock: PPLB03407
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 04-18-2025

    • 741 miles
    • No accidents, personal use only
    • 4cyl automated manual
    • Park Place Porsche Dallas (336 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Dallas, TX / 336 miles away from Lafayette, LA

    RECALL NOTICE: Some vehicles offered for sale may be subject to unrepaired manufacturer safety recalls. To determine the recall status of a vehicle, v...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Title information not provided

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2A58SLB00354
    Stock: PPDL250024
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 04-18-2025

    • 36,197 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 6cyl automated manual
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Farmington Hills, MI / 972 miles away from Lafayette, LA

    Rare Find,Back-Up Camera,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Heated Seats,Leather Seats,Navigation System,Satellite Radio,Turbo/Supercharged,WiFi Hotspot,4-Wheel D...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AG2A54MLB52338
    Stock: MLB52338P
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 5,004 miles
    • No accidents, personal use only
    • 4cyl automated manual
    • Porsche Austin (341 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Austin, TX / 341 miles away from Lafayette, LA

    Leather Package in BlackVolcano Grey MetallicPremium Package PlusPanoramic Roof SystemPower Seats (14-way) with Memory PackageHeated Seats (Rear)Venti...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Title information not provided

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2A50SLB04608
    Stock: WL15202
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 04-18-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 37,512 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 4cyl automated manual
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from CO to LA*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Parker, CO / 966 miles away from Lafayette, LA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2A53MLB11524
    Stock: 27120741
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 38,529 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 4cyl automated manual
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from GA to LA*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Kennesaw, GA / 508 miles away from Lafayette, LA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2A58MLB09266
    Stock: 27398854
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 39,591 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from CA to LA*
    • 4WD
    • Leatherette Seats
    • Front Seat Heaters
    • Panoramic Sunroof
    • Rear View Camera
    Close

    Located in Oceanside, CA / 1,495 miles away from Lafayette, LA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2A50PLB16457
    Stock: 27382029
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 46,799 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 6cyl automated manual
    • One Legacy Motors (341 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Carrollton, TX / 341 miles away from Lafayette, LA

    Volcano Grey Metallic 2021 Porsche Macan GTS AWD 7-Speed Porsche Doppelkupplung (PDK) 2.9L V6WELCOME TO ONE LEGACY MOTORS OUR LEGACY STARTS WITH YOU A...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AG2A55MLB51120
    Stock: B51120L
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-05-2025

  • $61,844
    great price
    $5,729 below market
    • 4,512 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 4cyl automated manual
    • Porsche Nashville (500 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Brentwood, TN / 500 miles away from Lafayette, LA

    Wheels: 19" Macan, Trunk/Hatch Auto-Latch, Trip Computer, Transmission: 7-Speed Porsche Doppelkupplung (PDK), Transmission w/Driver Selectable Mode, S...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2A53RLB12034
    Stock: NRLB12034
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 01-12-2025

  • $57,324
    great price
    $5,692 below market
    • 11,195 miles
    • No accidents, personal use only
    • 4cyl automated manual
    • Porsche Nashville (500 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Brentwood, TN / 500 miles away from Lafayette, LA

    Wheels: 19" Macan, Wheels w/Locks, Trunk/Hatch Auto-Latch, Trip Computer, Transmission: 7-Speed Porsche Doppelkupplung (PDK), Transmission w/Driver Se...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2A55RLB00614
    Stock: NRLB00614
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-02-2024

  • Price Drop
    $38,592
    fair price
    $1,538 above market
    • 48,442 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 4cyl automated manual
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Minneapolis, MN / 1,021 miles away from Lafayette, LA

    Back-Up Camera,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Leather Seats,Navigation System,Satellite Radio,Turbo/Supercharged,WiFi Hotspot,4 Cylinder Engine,4-Wheel Disc B...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2A50MLB09973
    Stock: MLB09973M
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 49,472 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 4cyl automated manual
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from MD to LA*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Ellicott City, MD / 1,065 miles away from Lafayette, LA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2A56PLB03650
    Stock: 26528715
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 15,824 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 4cyl automated manual
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from GA to LA*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Norcross, GA / 527 miles away from Lafayette, LA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2A52PLB16895
    Stock: 27385402
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $60,000
    great price
    $5,970 below market
    • 6,460 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 4cyl automated manual
    • Porsche Tulsa (459 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Tulsa, OK / 459 miles away from Lafayette, LA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2A57RLB15907
    Stock: LB15907A
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 05-16-2024

  • $60,000
    great price
    $5,769 below market
    • 8,371 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 4cyl automated manual
    • Porsche Tulsa (459 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Tulsa, OK / 459 miles away from Lafayette, LA

    The 2024 Porsche Macan blends sporty performance with everyday luxury. Powered by a 2.0L turbocharged inline-4 engine producing 261 horsepower, it del...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2A57RLB14613
    Stock: LB14613A
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 04-01-2025

  • New Listing
    $45,790
    fair price
    $538 above market
    • 17,378 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 4cyl automated manual
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Fort Lauderdale, FL / 778 miles away from Lafayette, LA

    CarFax 1-Owner,Low Mileage,Back-Up Camera,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Leather Seats,Navigation System,Satellite Radio,Turbo/Supercharged,WiFi Hotspot,4 Cyl...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2A57MLB16659
    Stock: TDMLB16659
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $60,000
    great price
    $5,607 below market
    • 9,034 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 4cyl automated manual
    • Porsche Tulsa (459 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Tulsa, OK / 459 miles away from Lafayette, LA

    The 2024 Porsche Macan blends sporty performance with everyday luxury. Powered by a 2.0L turbocharged inline-4 engine producing 261 horsepower, it del...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2A55RLB10995
    Stock: LB10995A
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 04-01-2025

  • Price Drop
    $51,998
    fair price
    $480 above market
    • 20,551 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 6cyl automated manual
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from VA to LA*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Woodbridge, VA / 1,020 miles away from Lafayette, LA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (18 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AB2A52MLB33964
    Stock: 27273271
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    Stock photo**
    • 38,896 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 6cyl automated manual
    • Porsche of New Orleans (113 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Metairie, LA / 113 miles away from Lafayette, LA

    Recent Arrival!Black 2021 Porsche Macan GTS AWD 7-Speed Porsche Doppelkupplung (PDK) 2.9L V6

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AG2A59MLB53632
    Stock: Z1893
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-13-2025

  • $70,646
    great price
    • 16,901 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 6cyl automated manual
    • Sewell BMW of Grapevine (350 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Grapevine, TX / 350 miles away from Lafayette, LA

    BMW of Grapevine proudly offers this 2024 Porsche Macan All Wheel Drive that has been professionally inspected by one of our Sewell technicians. This ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AG2A55RLB35779
    Stock: 5299768A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-10-2025

  • New Listing
    • 22,398 miles
    • 4cyl automated manual
    • CarMax Lithia Springs (500 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Lithia Springs, GA / 500 miles away from Lafayette, LA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2A54KLB05650
    Stock: 27431004
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

Showing 463 - 483 out of 1,001 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Porsche Macan

Read recent reviews for the Porsche Macan
Overall Consumer Rating
4.5 out of 5 stars36 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 36 reviews
  • 5 star
    (78%)
  • 4 star
    (6%)
  • 3 star
    (8%)
  • 2 star
    (3%)
  • 1 star
    (6%)
5 out of 5 stars

DOUBLED DOWN! Upgraded from Base to GTS

MAPC, 08/29/2020
2020 Porsche Macan GTS 4dr SUV AWD (2.9L 6cyl Turbo 7AM)
First- this review is NOT to say that the Base isn't a great car--IT IS. I owned my 2018 for two years and LOVED it. I have owned many cars and have only 2 other times ever bought another version of a car I had already owned- and this is the first time that I am doing in back to back. The build quality, interior fit and finish is fantastic. Nothing feels as good- at any price. In terms … of size, it is true that this is not a 'family hauler'- which is exactly why I like it so much. I have owned a Cayenne S in the past but I just prefer smaller cars- even though I am a bigger guy. My favorite car of all time (until now!) has been my GTI- and this feels like a bigger/higher end/big-boy version of my GTI. Yes, they are expensive. Yes, they charge you extra for many things that others provide in their base prices....but, to me, it is well worth it. I looked at x3 M40i, Stelvio, Velar, etc and none of them comes close to the build quality, handling and overall performance of the Macan. BASE- absolutely good enough if you are not a performance junkee S- great all around, you won't regret spending the $ for it if you can afford it GTS- definitely the 'one to get' for the true Porsche experience in a CUV TURBO- certainly appealing but, IMHO, only if you load it up with the performance/handling features that are standard in the GTS but optional in the Turbo If you are considering a Macan- go for it- you will not regret it.
Report abuse

Used 2023 Porsche Macan in Lafayette, LA Values

Estimated values
2023 Porsche Macan 4dr SUV AWD (2.0L 4cyl Turbo 7AM) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$39,556$41,255$43,167
Clean$39,110$40,757$42,612
Average$38,368$39,928$41,687
Rough$37,402$38,850$40,485

The average list price of a used 2023 Porsche Macan in Lafayette, Louisiana is $55,486. The average mileage on a used Porsche Macan 2023 for sale in Lafayette, Louisiana is 24,424. Based on the average mileage of 24,424 for used 2023 Porsche Macan for sale in Lafayette, LA and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Porsche Macan 2023 in Lafayette, Louisiana to be $38,368.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius500 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

EV Details

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.