Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
375 listings
  • Price Drop
    $90,900
    good price
    $4,708 below market
    • 7,141 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 18 Hwy MPG
    • Tasca Cadillac of Melbourne (117 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Melbourne, FL / 117 miles away from Bradenton, FL

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/18 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4PKL5RR320852
    Stock: YC1765A
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 05-16-2025

  • Price Drop
    $92,787
    good price
    $2,597 below market
    • 6,546 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Gettel Chevrolet Buick GMC (44 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Punta Gorda, FL / 44 miles away from Bradenton, FL

    CARFAX 1-Owner. Value priced below the market average. This 2024 Cadillac Escalade ESV 4WD Premium Luxury, has a great Crystal White Tricoat exterior,...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4LKL5RR304241
    Stock: G255034A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-27-2025

    • 8,363 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Fields Cadillac Jacksonville (192 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Jacksonville, FL / 192 miles away from Bradenton, FL

    Odometer is 3431 miles below market average! Escalade ESV Premium, 4D Sport Utility, 6.2L V8, 10-Speed Automatic, AWD, Argent Silver Metallic, Black L...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4KKL2RR192086
    Stock: PR5735
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 01-16-2025

  • New Listing
    • 14,054 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 18 Hwy MPG
    • HGreg Nissan Kendall (180 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Palmetto Bay, FL / 180 miles away from Bradenton, FL

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/18 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4MKL3RR127601
    Stock: 911473
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-12-2025

  • $33,495
    good price
    $2,433 below market
    • 89,444 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • Nex Car (163 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Oakland Park, FL / 163 miles away from Bradenton, FL

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4HKJ6LR296041
    Stock: 3184V
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-19-2024

  • Price Drop
    $86,988
    fair price
    $22 below market
    • 18,664 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Ritchey Buick GMC (146 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Daytona Beach, FL / 146 miles away from Bradenton, FL

    NA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4KKL7RR205382
    Stock: 278904A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-11-2025

  • Price Drop
    $32,995
    good price
    $2,249 below market
    • 92,257 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Spokane, WA / 2,340 miles away from Bradenton, FL

    High Demand,3rd Row Seat,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Entertainment System,Hands-Free Liftgate,Heated Seats,Heated Steeri...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4HKJ7LR278888
    Stock: 278888CC
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $87,975
    fair price
    $2,271 above market
    • 12,470 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 18 Hwy MPG
    • Century Buick GMC (36 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Tampa, FL / 36 miles away from Bradenton, FL

    ***We offer Fair Market Pricing that won't go up when you walk through the door!CARFAX One-Owner. Clean CARFAX. Crystal White Tricoat 2024 Cadilla...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/18 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS3KKL1RR336326
    Stock: RR336326
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-04-2025

  • $24,000
    fair price
    $691 below market
    • 154,255 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Pro Auto Sales and Service (108 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Orlando, FL / 108 miles away from Bradenton, FL

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS3HKJ6LR190417
    Stock: 25-190417
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $37,495
    fair price
    $1,011 below market
    • 62,460 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Car Point Auto Sales (164 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Lighthouse Point, FL / 164 miles away from Bradenton, FL

    Car Point Car Point Corp 4800 N Federal Hwy Lighthouse Point, FL 33064 7**-3**-1*** Engine: 6.2L V8, 420 horsepowerTransmission: 10-speed automaticDri...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS3HKJ3LR300016
    Stock: 300016
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 12-10-2024

  • Price Drop
    $33,011
    good price
    $1,656 below market
    • 92,143 miles
    • 2 accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Grieco Chevrolet (168 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Fort Lauderdale, FL / 168 miles away from Bradenton, FL

    LOCATED AT GRIECO CHEVROLET OF FORT LAUDERDALE. 8**-3**-7*** Grieco Chevrolet of Fort Lauderdale has always been a family business that cares about de...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS3HKJ4LR303779
    Stock: SR277153A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-14-2025

  • $38,990
    fair price
    $571 below market
    • 68,183 miles
    • 2 accidents, 2 owners, rental vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • Unique Motors of Tampa (38 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Tampa, FL / 38 miles away from Bradenton, FL

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4HKJXLR192149
    Stock: 192149
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $37,994
    good price
    $1,644 below market
    • 69,765 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • Ed Morse Cadillac Tampa (41 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Tampa, FL / 41 miles away from Bradenton, FL

    Black Raven 2018 Cadillac Escalade ESV Platinum Edition 4D Sport Utility 6.2L Variable Valve Timing V8 SIDI 4WD **GREAT FINANCE OPTIONS AVAILABLE, **T...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4KKJ8JR313674
    Stock: TU12950
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-02-2025

  • New Listing
    $39,990
    fair price
    $1,372 above market
    • 77,675 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 8 Seats, 14 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Las Vegas, NV / 2,004 miles away from Bradenton, FL

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4HKJ5LR169703
    Stock: 2003646738
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-12-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 9,513 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Private Allstar Cars (35 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Third-row seating
    Close

    Located in Largo, FL / 35 miles away from Bradenton, FL

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS3JKL0RR288294
    Stock: 288294
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-30-2025

    • 9,897 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Arcadia Chevrolet Buick (37 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Third-row seating
    Close

    Located in Arcadia, FL / 37 miles away from Bradenton, FL

    WHEELS, 22" (55.9 CM) 14-SPOKE ALLOY WITH BRIGHT SILVER FINISH (STD), TRANSMISSION, 10-SPEED AUTOMATIC electronically controlled with overdrive, tow/h...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS3JKL2RR281234
    Stock: 3281234
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-29-2025

  • $47,563
    fair price
    $1,950 above market
    • 52,336 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • Sheehan Cadillac (163 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Pompano Beach, FL / 163 miles away from Bradenton, FL

    Experience luxury and power with this Black 2020 Cadillac Escalade ESV 4x4 Platinum. With its commanding EcoTec3 6.2L V8 engine paired to a smooth 10-...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4KKJ1LR263722
    Stock: T1768
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-21-2025

    • 6,409 miles
    • No accidents, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 18 Hwy MPG
    • Fields Cadillac Jacksonville (192 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Jacksonville, FL / 192 miles away from Bradenton, FL

    This Cadillac Escalade ESV has a dependable Gas V8 6.2L/375 engine powering this Automatic transmission. WHISPER BEIGE WITH GIDEON ACCENTS, FULL SEMI-...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/18 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4RKL8RR375503
    Stock: RR375503
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-15-2025

    • 959 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 18 Hwy MPG
    • Limited Spec Automotive (175 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Miami, FL / 175 miles away from Bradenton, FL

    ABOUT THIS VEHICLE The 2024 Cadillac Escalade ESV RWD Premium Luxury Bulletproof combines unparalleled luxury with reinforced security. Its bold, upsc...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/18 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS3KKL0RR343333
    Stock: 343333
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 12-07-2024

    • 110 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 18 Hwy MPG
    • Limited Spec Automotive (175 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Miami, FL / 175 miles away from Bradenton, FL

    ABOUT THIS VEHICLE The 2024 Cadillac Escalade ESV 4WD Luxury Bulletproof combines rugged performance with elite protection and luxury. Its commanding ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/18 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4JKLXRR110308
    Stock: 110308S
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 12-14-2023

    • 4,907 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Bomnin Cadillac Homestead (183 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Third-row seating
    Close

    Located in Homestead, FL / 183 miles away from Bradenton, FL

    CARFAX One-Owner. Priced below KBB Fair Purchase Price! Odometer is 3062 miles below market average! **CLEAN CAR FAX**, *ONE OWNER**, **STILL UNDER FA...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS3JKL4RR107620
    Stock: R287763A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-17-2024

Showing 190 - 210 out of 375 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Cadillac Escalade ESV

Read recent reviews for the Cadillac Escalade ESV
Overall Consumer Rating
3.8 out of 5 stars4 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 4 reviews
  • 5 star
    (50%)
  • 4 star
    (25%)
  • 3 star
    (0%)
  • 2 star
    (0%)
  • 1 star
    (25%)
5 out of 5 stars

Best of the Best

Tony B, 10/05/2021
2021 Cadillac Escalade ESV Premium Luxury Platinum 4dr SUV 4WD (6.2L 8cyl 10A)
Waited six months for my ESV Platinum and it doesn't disappoint!!! Ride luxury power looks size and tech. This vehicle has it all!!! Cadillac is back to making Cadillacs! Lincoln and it's V-6 Navigator cannot come close to Cadillac Luxury and it's V-8 power.
Report abuse

Used 2024 Cadillac Escalade ESV in Bradenton, FL Values

Estimated values
2024 Cadillac Escalade ESV Sport 4dr SUV 4WD (6.2L 8cyl 10A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$62,819$65,257$68,214
Clean$62,229$64,582$67,444
Average$61,244$63,457$66,161
Rough$59,965$61,994$64,493

The average list price of a used 2024 Cadillac Escalade ESV in Bradenton, Florida is $75,822. The average mileage on a used Cadillac Escalade ESV 2024 for sale in Bradenton, Florida is 40,836. Based on the average mileage of 40,836 for used 2024 Cadillac Escalade ESV for sale in Bradenton, FL and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Cadillac Escalade ESV 2024 in Bradenton, Florida to be $61,244.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius200 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.