Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
6,530 listings
  • New Listing
    • 102,160 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 24 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from LA to VA*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Covington, LA / 748 miles away from Roanoke, VA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (24 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM3KFBCM5M0436437
    Stock: 27074698
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $23,310
    fair price
    $82 above market
    • 38,200 miles
    • 2 accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 24 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • Pearson Ford (386 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Zionsville, IN / 386 miles away from Roanoke, VA

    2021 Mazda CX-5 Touring 4D Sport Utility Deep Crystal Blue Mica SKYACTIV 2.5L 4-Cylinder DOHC 16V 6-Speed Automatic AWDHere at Pearson Ford we take ou...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (24 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM3KFBCM2M0381316
    Stock: 39798A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-11-2025

  • New Listing
    • 40,152 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 24 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax Hartford (498 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Hartford, CT / 498 miles away from Roanoke, VA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (24 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM3KFBCM6K0656487
    Stock: 27356591
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    • 15,731 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Byers Mazda (258 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Columbus, OH / 258 miles away from Roanoke, VA

    Certified. 2023 Deep Crystal Blue Mica Mazda CX-5 2.5 Turbo 2.5L I4 This Mazda CX-5 has many features and is well equipped including, Collision Avoida...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (22 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM3KFBAY0P0121720
    Stock: M255599A
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 06-05-2025

    • 28,579 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 24 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • Med Center Mazda (471 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Pelham, AL / 471 miles away from Roanoke, VA

    From Our Floor To Your Door! Vehicles Sanitized and Delivered Upon Request! Buy From The Comfort of Your Living Room! Completely Digital Buying Experi...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (24 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM3KFBDM6P0108544
    Stock: M21021A
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 06-11-2025

  • New Listing
    Stock photo**
    • 10,010 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 24 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • Jake Sweeney Express (281 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Cincinnati, OH / 281 miles away from Roanoke, VA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (24 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM3KFBBMXP0172007
    Stock: N1819
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-20-2025

    • 70,879 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 24 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • Carman Ford Lincoln (287 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in New Castle, DE / 287 miles away from Roanoke, VA

    2021 Mazda CX-5 Grand Touring AWD Soul Red Crystal Metallic 6-Speed Automatic SKYACTIV 2.5L 4-Cylinder DOHC 16V CX-5 Grand Touring 4D Sport Utility SK...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (24 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM3KFBDM1M1496689
    Stock: 0048A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-08-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 34,257 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 24 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana - Columbus (249 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Columbus, OH / 249 miles away from Roanoke, VA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (24 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM3KFBEM4P0145283
    Stock: 2003765891
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-04-2025

  • New Listing
    • 28,199 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Brunswick Mazda (291 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Brunswick, OH / 291 miles away from Roanoke, VA

    PREVIEW FUEL EFFICIENT 27 MPG Hwy/22 MPG City! Mazda Certified, CARFAX 1-Owner, ONLY 28,193 Miles! Heated/Cooled Leather Seats, Sunroof, Heated Rear S...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (22 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM3KFBAY6P0138828
    Stock: M250566A
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 06-02-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 52,733 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 24 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • JTs Kia of Columbia - Greystone (233 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Columbia, SC / 233 miles away from Roanoke, VA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (24 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM3KFBCM1P0190362
    Stock: GK1632
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-16-2025

  • New Listing
    • 46,158 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 24 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax Cincinnati (285 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Cincinnati, OH / 285 miles away from Roanoke, VA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (24 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM3KFBDM2K1604041
    Stock: 27438841
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 42,723 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 24 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • Romano Toyota (449 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in East Syracuse, NY / 449 miles away from Roanoke, VA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (24 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM3KFBCM0M0367270
    Stock: 251366A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-13-2025

    • 40,415 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 24 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • Vision Nissan Of Canandaigua (414 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Canandaigua, NY / 414 miles away from Roanoke, VA

    CARFAX One-Owner. Clean CARFAX.**VISION HYUNDAI OF WEBSTER**, 6-Way Power Drivers Seat, 6-Way Manual Passengers Seat, Blind Spot Montior, Lane Keep As...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (24 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM3KFBBM8P0266662
    Stock: NW10460
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-08-2025

  • New Listing
    • 70,102 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 24 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax Murfreesboro (374 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Murfreesboro, TN / 374 miles away from Roanoke, VA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (24 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM3KFBCM3K0534217
    Stock: 27268931
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 39,415 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 24 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax Akron (270 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Akron, OH / 270 miles away from Roanoke, VA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (24 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM3KFBCM0P0147826
    Stock: 27327581
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $27,988
    fair price
    $60 above market
    • 58,332 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Memorial Highway Chevrolet of Somerset (198 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Somerset, PA / 198 miles away from Roanoke, VA

    ***FREE DELIVERY UP TO 3 HOURS AWAY*** ***LIFETIME INSPECTIONS***Recent Arrival! CARFAX One-Owner. Power Sunroof!! Power Liftgate!! Bose Radio, Bl...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (22 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM3KFBXYXP0134806
    Stock: SP3031
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-13-2025

  • New Listing
    • 36,859 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 24 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • Mazda 112 (446 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Medford, NY / 446 miles away from Roanoke, VA

    This outstanding example of a 2023 Mazda CX-5 2.5 S Preferred Package is offered by Mazda Chevrolet Hyundai 112. If you're in the market for an incred...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (24 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM3KFBCM5P0100498
    Stock: U44418
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-17-2025

  • New Listing
    • 40,026 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 25 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Tampa, FL / 660 miles away from Roanoke, VA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (25 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM3KFACM1M0303880
    Stock: 2003839022
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-21-2025

  • New Listing
    • 70,807 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 24 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Chicago, IL / 558 miles away from Roanoke, VA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (24 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM3KFBCM4M0320906
    Stock: 2003715951
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-19-2025

    • 28,403 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 24 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • Ray Skillman Mazda West (383 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Indianapolis, IN / 383 miles away from Roanoke, VA

    Soul Red Crystal Metallic 2023 Mazda CX-5 2.5 S

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (24 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM3KFBAM2P0169152
    Stock: Z15507A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-04-2025

    • 51,892 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 24 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • Salerno Duane Chrysler Jeep Dodge Ram (383 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Summit, NJ / 383 miles away from Roanoke, VA

    ONE OWNER, CLEAN VEHICLE HISTORY...NO ACCIDENTS, RECENT TRADE IN, MOONROOF SUNROOF, LEATHER, Active Driving Display (Windshield Type), Automatic Power...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (24 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM3KFBDM2M0430707
    Stock: 430707
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-22-2025

Showing 1,471 - 1,491 out of 6,530 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Mazda CX-5

Read recent reviews for the Mazda CX-5
Overall Consumer Rating
4.4 out of 5 stars114 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 114 reviews
  • 5 star
    (70%)
  • 4 star
    (14%)
  • 3 star
    (4%)
  • 2 star
    (6%)
  • 1 star
    (5%)
5 out of 5 stars

2021 CX5 GTR

Arkansas GTR owner, 07/20/2021
2021 Mazda CX-5 Grand Touring Reserve 4dr SUV AWD (2.5L 4cyl Turbo 6A)
I moved up, way up, from a 2013 GMC Terrain. The CX5 GTR is great! The power is fantastic, the ride is soooo much smoother , and the build quality is in a different universe from the GMC. The CX5 is very quiet, the Bose sound system superb, and the turbo flat out hauls a..... I looked at RAV4, CRV, ENVISION, Santa Fe, and RDX. The RDX was the only one even close, but was way more … expensive.
Report abuse

Used 2021 Mazda CX-5 in Roanoke, VA Values

Estimated values
2021 Mazda CX-5 Carbon Edition 4dr SUV AWD (2.5L 4cyl 6A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$20,684$22,931$25,194
Clean$20,196$22,360$24,532
Average$19,384$21,408$23,431
Rough$18,327$20,170$21,998

The average list price of a used 2021 Mazda CX-5 in Roanoke, Virginia is $25,416. The average mileage on a used Mazda CX-5 2021 for sale in Roanoke, Virginia is 45,049. Based on the average mileage of 45,049 for used 2021 Mazda CX-5 for sale in Roanoke, VA and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Mazda CX-5 2021 in Roanoke, Virginia to be $19,384.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius500 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.