Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
783 listings
  • New Listing
    Photos not available
    $58,988
    fair price
    $1,306 above market
    • 72,067 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 8cyl automatic
    • Sunset Cadillac of Bradenton (381 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Bradenton, FL / 381 miles away from Columbus, GA

    Pricing excludes tax, tag, title and pre-delivery service fee of $999 and private tag agency fee of $24.40. *See below for details.Priced below KBB Fa...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (15 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS3NKL0MR417375
    Stock: 25214B
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-05-2025

  • New Listing
    • 44,481 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 6cyl automatic
    • CarMax Orlando (358 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Orlando, FL / 358 miles away from Columbus, GA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4RKT8MR293523
    Stock: 26521975
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 33,022 miles
    • Lemon reported, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 8cyl automatic
    • Impex Chevrolet GMC (401 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Reidsville, NC / 401 miles away from Columbus, GA

    CARFAX One-Owner.2021 Cadillac Escalade ESV Sport Platinum 4WD 10-Speed Automatic with Overdrive Black Raven 6.2L V84WD.THIS VEHICLE INCLUDES THE FOLL...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Issue reported

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: Yes

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4RKLXMR424712
    Stock: 2CT4712
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 10-23-2024

  • New Listing
    • 96,068 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 8cyl automatic
    • Carvana - Birmingham (124 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Birmingham, AL / 124 miles away from Columbus, GA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (15 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS3MKL9MR301456
    Stock: 2003680239
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-25-2025

  • Price Drop
    $59,986
    great price
    $7,463 below market
    • 59,233 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 8cyl automatic
    • Volvo Cars Winston Salem (364 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Winston Salem, NC / 364 miles away from Columbus, GA

    2022 Cadillac Escalade ESV Premium Galactic Gray Metallic 6.2L V8 10-Speed Automatic with Overdrive 4WDIncludes the Remainder of the Factory Warrant...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4LKL0NR125650
    Stock: V25188A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-14-2025

    • 86,270 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 8cyl automatic
    • NextGear Motors (429 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Raleigh, NC / 429 miles away from Columbus, GA

    Visit NextGear Motors online at WWW.NEXTGEARMOTORS.COM to see more pictures of this vehicle and a free Auto-check report. Easy Financing available! Ap...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4NKL6MR338970
    Stock: 16015-B019
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $36,998
    great price
    $5,252 below market
    • 67,759 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 8cyl automatic
    • Florida Fine Cars Orlando (354 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Orlando, FL / 354 miles away from Columbus, GA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4JKJ9LR295084
    Stock: 148186
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 01-15-2025

  • New Listing
    • 80,015 miles
    • 8cyl automatic
    • Formula One Imports East (304 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Charlotte, NC / 304 miles away from Columbus, GA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4PKL0MR200501
    Stock: FC14040A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-26-2025

    • 31,469 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 8cyl automatic
    • Fields Cadillac (280 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in St. Augustine, FL / 280 miles away from Columbus, GA

    CARFAX One-Owner. Clean CARFAX. Black Raven 2022 Cadillac Escalade ESV Premium Luxury Platinum 4WD 10-Speed Automatic with Overdrive 6.2L V8 4WD, Adap...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4MKL1NR321375
    Stock: P5325
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 03-27-2025

  • New Listing
    Stock photo**
    $71,950
    fair price
    $4,435 below market
    • 8,111 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 8cyl automatic
    • Auto Collection of Murfreesboro (241 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Murfreesboro, TN / 241 miles away from Columbus, GA

    2022 Cadillac Escalade ESV Luxury Listed below are all the window sticker installed options: SATIN STEEL METALLIC 625.00ALL-WEATHER FLOOR MATS 23...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4JKL8NR155743
    Stock: 155743
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-30-2025

  • $88,495
    good price
    $4,093 below market
    • 13,060 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 8cyl automatic
    • Sullivan Cadillac (289 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Ocala, FL / 289 miles away from Columbus, GA

    Recent Arrival! CARFAX One-Owner. Satin Steel Metallic 2022 Cadillac Escalade ESV Sport Platinum 6.2L V8 10-Speed Automatic with Overdrive 4WD 2-Speed...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4RKL6NR248078
    Stock: C25M298A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-23-2025

  • $71,995
    good price
    $3,447 below market
    • 23,050 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 8cyl automatic
    • International Auto Outlet (472 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Hamilton, OH / 472 miles away from Columbus, GA

    2022 CADILLAC ESCALADE ESV PREMIUM LUXURY -- LOADED 4DOOR SUV AWD - 6.2L V8 -- FLEX FUEL -- CLEAN CARFAX -- ONE OWNER 3RD ROW -- DVD -- BACK UP ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4LKL7NR126990
    Stock: 126990
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Stock photo**
    $60,000
    good price
    $5,153 below market
    • 55,609 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 8cyl automatic
    • Lincoln of Cincinnati (463 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Cincinnati, OH / 463 miles away from Columbus, GA

    Crystal White Tricoat 2022 Cadillac Escalade ESV Luxury 6.2L V8 10-Speed Automatic with OverdriveBlueTooth/ Hands Free Calling, Heated Seats, 4WD, All...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4JKL8NR129871
    Stock: NR129871
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-31-2025

  • $73,550
    good price
    $2,735 below market
    • 26,113 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 8cyl automatic
    • Impex Chevrolet GMC (401 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Reidsville, NC / 401 miles away from Columbus, GA

    Clean CARFAX.2022 Cadillac Escalade ESV Sport 4WD 10-Speed Automatic with Overdrive Black Raven 6.2L V84WD.THIS VEHICLE INCLUDES THE FOLLOWING FEATURE...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4PKL9NR300758
    Stock: 2CT0758
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-16-2024

  • Price Drop
    $64,981
    good price
    $3,519 below market
    • 56,346 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 8cyl automatic
    • Audi Melbourne (402 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in West Melbourne, FL / 402 miles away from Columbus, GA

    Vehicle Offered at Audi Melbourne's NEW Location conveniently located just off I-95 EXIT 180 in Melbourne,Fl. 321-339-5500.Recent Arrival! CARFAX One-...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4LKL7NR208976
    Stock: R208976
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-08-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 24,002 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 8cyl automatic
    • Porsche of Greenville (219 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Greenville, SC / 219 miles away from Columbus, GA

    RECALL NOTICE: Some vehicles offered for sale may be subject to unrepaired manufacturer safety recalls. To determine the recall status of a vehicle, v...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4MKLXNR179690
    Stock: GJL250541A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-24-2025

  • $35,487
    good price
    $2,748 below market
    • 96,445 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 8cyl automatic
    • Mark McLarty Toyota (442 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in North Little Rock, AR / 442 miles away from Columbus, GA

    CLEAN CARFAX, ONLY AT MARK MCLARTY TOYOTA, Escalade ESV Premium, 4D Sport Utility, 6.2L V8, 10-Speed Automatic with Overdrive, 4WD, Satin Steel Metall...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4JKJ7LR123961
    Stock: LR123961
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-09-2025

  • $57,370
    fair price
    $2,036 below market
    • 73,960 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 8cyl automatic
    • Rountree Moore Chevrolet (213 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Lake City, FL / 213 miles away from Columbus, GA

    CARFAX One-Owner. 2022 Cadillac Escalade ESV Premium4WD.** LIFETIME OF GREAT CUSTOMER SERVICE **

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4KKL7NR138714
    Stock: 138714
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-26-2025

  • $62,970
    fair price
    $2,702 below market
    • 55,230 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 8cyl automatic
    • ALM Gwinnett (110 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Duluth, GA / 110 miles away from Columbus, GA

    96K$ MSRP..2022 CADILLAC ESCALADE ESV LUXURY..NAVIGATION..HEATED SEATS..MEMORY SEATS..3RD ROW SEAT..PREMIUM AUDIO..LANE DEPARTURE WARNING..LANE KEEP A...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4JKL8NR133953
    Stock: NR133953
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-22-2025

  • Price Drop
    $64,927
    fair price
    $801 below market
    • 55,005 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 8cyl automatic
    • Gravity Autos Roswell (110 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Roswell, GA / 110 miles away from Columbus, GA

    $98,420 MSRP!! $7,325 IN UPGRADES! TOURING PACKAGE, SPORT PREFERRED EQUIPMENT GROUP, SUPER CRUISE, 22" (55.9 CM) 12-SPOKE ALLOY, POLISHED W/DARK ANDRO...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS3PKL1NR254166
    Stock: 254166
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-02-2025

  • Price Drop
    $74,999
    fair price
    $688 below market
    • 38,590 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 8cyl automatic
    • Genesis of North East Jacksonville (257 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Jacksonville, FL / 257 miles away from Columbus, GA

    The price does not include tax, tag, license, an electronic filing fee of $449.00**, a private tag agency fee of $199.00**, and a predelivery service ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4RKLXNR321856
    Stock: JGP0114
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-07-2025

Showing 22 - 42 out of 783 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Cadillac Escalade ESV

Read recent reviews for the Cadillac Escalade ESV
Overall Consumer Rating
5 out of 5 stars2 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 2 reviews
  • 5 star
    (100%)
  • 4 star
    (0%)
  • 3 star
    (0%)
  • 2 star
    (0%)
  • 1 star
    (0%)
5 out of 5 stars

Best of the Best

Tony B, 10/05/2021
2021 Cadillac Escalade ESV Premium Luxury Platinum 4dr SUV 4WD (6.2L 8cyl 10A)
Waited six months for my ESV Platinum and it doesn't disappoint!!! Ride luxury power looks size and tech. This vehicle has it all!!! Cadillac is back to making Cadillacs! Lincoln and it's V-6 Navigator cannot come close to Cadillac Luxury and it's V-8 power.
Report abuse

Used 2021 Cadillac Escalade ESV in Columbus, GA Values

Estimated values
2021 Cadillac Escalade ESV Sport 4dr SUV (6.2L 8cyl 10A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$54,883$56,087$57,293
Clean$54,025$55,196$56,369
Average$52,597$53,712$54,828
Rough$50,739$51,783$52,825

The average list price of a used 2021 Cadillac Escalade ESV in Columbus, Georgia is $64,934. The average mileage on a used Cadillac Escalade ESV 2021 for sale in Columbus, Georgia is 52,186. Based on the average mileage of 52,186 for used 2021 Cadillac Escalade ESV for sale in Columbus, GA and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Cadillac Escalade ESV 2021 in Columbus, Georgia to be $52,597.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius500 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.