Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
66 listings
  • $78,000
    great price
    $7,402 below market
    • 35,766 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 16 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Certified Benz & Beemer (3 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Scottsdale, AZ / 3 miles away from Tempe, AZ

    **$30,000 IN FACTORY OPTIONS!!**$100,395 ORIGINAL MSRP**M CARBON CERAMIC BRAKES($8,150)**M CARBON EXTERIOR PACKAGE($4,700)**FROZEN BRILLIANT METALLIC ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBS33AY08MFL57159
    Stock: 24825
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-07-2025

    • 44,980 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 16 City / 23 Hwy MPG, Manual
    • Loren Automotive Group (21 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Phoenix, AZ / 21 miles away from Tempe, AZ

    Loren Automotive Group - 2021 BMW M3 | Certified Pre-Owned | Full XPEL Wrap | Executive Package | Tanzanite Blue over Black Merino LeatherThis Certifi...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBS53AY00MFL50697
    Stock: C-FL50697
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $71,442
    great price
    $12,840 below market
    • 40,289 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 16 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • BMW North Scottsdale (16 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Phoenix, AZ / 16 miles away from Tempe, AZ

    M3 Competition Executive, Drivers Pro & Parking, 4D Sedan, 3.0L I6 Turbocharged DOHC 24V LEV3-ULEV70 503hp, 8-Speed Automatic Steptronic, RWD, Frozen ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBS33AY03NFN05171
    Stock: B43338A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-11-2025

    • 43,005 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 16 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Lapin Motor Co (14 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Scottsdale, AZ / 14 miles away from Tempe, AZ

    Welcome to Lapin Motor Co of Scottsdale. We are pleased to present this, 2021 BMW M3 CompetitionCLEAN CARFAX. NO ACCIDENTS OR DAMAGES, BEAUTIFUL M3 ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBS33AY05MFL31540
    Stock: L31540
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-19-2025

  • Price Drop
    $79,995
    great price
    $9,752 below market
    • 32,247 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 16 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • BMW of Tucson (96 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Tucson, AZ / 96 miles away from Tempe, AZ

    M Carbon Exterior PackageExecutive PackageDriving Assistance Professional PackageIcon Adaptive Led Headlights W/LaserlightCarbon Fiber TrimM Driv...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBS43AY05PFN62043
    Stock: PFN62043
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 07-29-2025

  • $69,988
    good price
    $2,825 below market
    • 2,405 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 16 City / 23 Hwy MPG, Manual
    • Luxury Motorsports (16 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Phoenix, AZ / 16 miles away from Tempe, AZ

    Available Wholesale - Concierge service now available, Best for those who want a specific car will appreciate the specialized service of a car conci...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBS53AY09MFL38192
    Stock: 1008
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-20-2025

  • $54,995
    good price
    $1,425 below market
    • 85,271 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 16 City / 23 Hwy MPG, Manual
    • SNB Motors (4 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Mesa, AZ / 4 miles away from Tempe, AZ

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBS53AY00MFK79324
    Stock: K79324
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-15-2025

  • New Listing
    $73,990
    fair price
    $1,566 above market
    • 23,623 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 16 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Freehold, NJ / 2,118 miles away from Tempe, AZ

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,Low Mileage,Rare Find,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Brake Assist,Hands-Free Liftgate,Heated Seats,Heate...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBS33AY01MFL07669
    Stock: BFP1052AA
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Stock photo**
    $68,900
    fair price
    $1,450 below market
    • 44,961 miles
    • 1 accident, 4 owners, personal use only
    • 16 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Wholesale Auto Group (12 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Phoenix, AZ / 12 miles away from Tempe, AZ

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBS33AY09MFL09413
    Stock: L09413
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-22-2025

    • 18,444 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 16 City / 23 Hwy MPG, Manual
    • Auto Boom (14 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Scottsdale, AZ / 14 miles away from Tempe, AZ

    Welcome to Auto Boom of North Scottsdale. We are pleased to present this, 2023 BMW M3 RWD 6-Speed Manual 3.0L I6 Turbocharged DOHC 24V LEV3-ULEV70 473...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBS53AY04PFN26445
    Stock: ABC376
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-25-2025

  • New Listing
    • 15,307 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 16 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • BMW of Tucson (96 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Tucson, AZ / 96 miles away from Tempe, AZ

    Executive PackageDriving Assistance Professional PackageIcon Adaptive Led Headlights W/LaserlightM Drive ProfessionalParking Assistance PackageSk...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBS43AY09PFN49425
    Stock: PFN49425
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-30-2025

  • Price Drop
    $80,590
    great price
    $8,070 below market
    • 30,830 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, rental vehicle
    • 16 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana - Phoenix (12 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Phoenix, AZ / 12 miles away from Tempe, AZ

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBS43AY03RFS74458
    Stock: 2003912837
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-12-2025

  • New Listing
    $78,992
    good price
    $5,150 below market
    • 17,217 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 16 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • Mark Kia (5 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Scottsdale, AZ / 5 miles away from Tempe, AZ

    Clean CARFAX.2022 BMW M3 Competition xDrive. Performance Mastery in Every Detail.Now available at Mark Kia.Step into the ultimate expression of drivin...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBS43AY07NFN10720
    Stock: KP11319
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-01-2025

  • $79,990
    good price
    $5,405 below market
    • 23,541 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 16 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Paramount Auto Sales (106 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Tucson, AZ / 106 miles away from Tempe, AZ

    Every vehicle comes with a Warranty, Carfax, and a 5-year Maintenance Plan! We have Easy Financing available for all credit situations, including low-...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBS33AY08RFS19984
    Stock: TS19984
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $88,991
    fair price
    $1,746 below market
    • 5,968 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 16 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Auto Boom (14 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Scottsdale, AZ / 14 miles away from Tempe, AZ

    Welcome To AutoBoom Of North Scottsdale. We Are Pleased To Present This, 2024 BMW M3 Competition Frozen Brilliant White Metallic. This Vehicle Is A ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBS33AY0XRFR70312
    Stock: ABC351
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-08-2025

  • $75,000
    fair price
    $1,826 below market
    • 29,471 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 16 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • Baba's Motorsports (13 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Phoenix, AZ / 13 miles away from Tempe, AZ

    2022 BMW M3 Competition Xdrive For Sale at Babas Motorsports! This vehicle is equipped with aftermarket Wheels from Motivo Forged, Cold air intakes, S...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBS43AY04NFM37242
    Stock: M37242
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-11-2025

  • Price Drop
    $69,990
    fair price
    $871 below market
    • 41,341 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 16 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Roseburg, OR / 909 miles away from Tempe, AZ

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,CarFax 1-Owner,Rare Find,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Brake Assist,Hands-Free Liftgate,Heated Seats,He...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBS33AY00NFL97043
    Stock: 29618F
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $77,900
    fair price
    $671 above market
    • 32,266 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 16 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • Rollit Motors (8 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Mesa, AZ / 8 miles away from Tempe, AZ

    WARRANTIES up to 96 MONTHS and UNLIMITED MILES with BUMPER to BUMPER COVERAGE available !!! 48 HOUR EXCHANGE POLICY !!! NO COMMISSION SALESPEOPLE !!! ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBS43AY05NFL96863
    Stock: L96863
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-21-2025

    • 17,421 miles
    • Frame damage reported, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 16 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Lapin Motor Co (14 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Scottsdale, AZ / 14 miles away from Tempe, AZ

    Welcome to Lapin Motor Co of Scottsdale. We are pleased to present this, 2024 BMW M3 Competition* 19" FR AND 20" RR WHEELS* BLACK SAPPHIRE METALLIC...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Issue reported

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: Yes

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBS33AY07RFS40258
    Stock: T-S40258
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-03-2025

  • $56,999
    fair price
    $414 below market
    • 44,705 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • Motor Market (13 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Phoenix, AZ / 13 miles away from Tempe, AZ

    The 2018 BMW M3 Sedan is a stunning blend of performance and sophistication, exuding an aura of elegance with its Alpine White exterior. Its sleek lin...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBS8M9C52J5J79481
    Stock: J79481
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-18-2025

  • Price Drop
    $35,991
    fair price
    $1,238 above market
    • 119,994 miles
    • No accidents, 4 owners, personal use
    • 17 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Lapin Motor Co (14 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Scottsdale, AZ / 14 miles away from Tempe, AZ

    Welcome to Lapin Motor Co of Scottsdale. We are pleased to present this, 2018 BMW M3 BaseModifications:- Front Mount Intakes- VRSF Downpipes- VRS...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (17 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBS8M9C58J5J79775
    Stock: T-J79775
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-08-2025

Showing 1 - 21 out of 66 listings

Consumer Reviews for the BMW M3

Read recent reviews for the BMW M3
Overall Consumer Rating
5 out of 5 stars1 Review
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 1 reviews
  • 5 star
    (100%)
  • 4 star
    (0%)
  • 3 star
    (0%)
  • 2 star
    (0%)
  • 1 star
    (0%)
5 out of 5 stars

Let your right foot be your guide

Jason Proos, 05/02/2021
2021 BMW M3 4dr Sedan (3.0L 6cyl Turbo 6M)
See it in person before concluding you don’t like the front end. The S58 engine is incredible. An all-time great according to a major car magazine.
Report abuse

Used 2021 BMW M3 in Tempe, AZ Values

Estimated values
2021 BMW M3 Competition 4dr Sedan (3.0L 6cyl Turbo 8A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$51,506$57,761$64,085
Clean$50,431$56,436$62,484
Average$48,638$54,227$59,815
Rough$46,308$51,355$56,346

The average list price of a used 2021 BMW M3 in Tempe, Arizona is $72,722. The average mileage on a used BMW M3 2021 for sale in Tempe, Arizona is 35,669. Based on the average mileage of 35,669 for used 2021 BMW M3 for sale in Tempe, AZ and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used BMW M3 2021 in Tempe, Arizona to be $48,638.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius200 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.