Your Privacy

By accessing this website, you acknowledge that Edmunds and its third-party business partners may use cookies, pixels, and similar technologies to collect information about you and your interactions with the website as described in our Privacy Statement; and you agree that your use of the website is subject to our Visitor Agreement.
Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
526 listings
  • New Listing
    • 51,635 miles
    • 5 Seats, 17 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Chicago, IL / 660 miles away from Durham, NC

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AB2A54JLB34058
    Stock: 2003685224
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-05-2025

    • 68,730 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 17 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Mich's Foreign Cars (137 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Hickory, NC / 137 miles away from Durham, NC

    Vehicle Overview Please Call to Verify Availability. In order to better serve you, please set up an appointment prior to your visit. New Page 1 We hav...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AG2A53JLB63133
    Stock: 6954
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-13-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 56,317 miles
    • Issue reported, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 20 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Maplewood, MN / 967 miles away from Durham, NC

    CarFax 1-Owner,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Heated Seats,Heated Steering Wheel,Keyless Start,Leather Seats,Navigation Syst...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Issue reported

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2A55JLB01704
    Stock: JLB01704A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    • 49,893 miles
    • 1 accident, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 17 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Philadelphia, PA / 347 miles away from Durham, NC

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AF2A57JLB70282
    Stock: 2003703360
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-13-2025

  • New Listing
    Stock photo**
    • 47,206 miles
    • Hendrick Porsche of Southpoint (7 mi away)
    Close

    Located in Durham, NC / 7 miles away from Durham, NC

    Porsche Approved Certified, CARFAX 1-Owner, Clean, ONLY 47,206 Miles! EPA 25 MPG Hwy/20 MPG City! Heated Leather Seats, Moonroof, Navigation, Back-Up ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2A52JLB00087
    Stock: SP0187A
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 05-21-2025

  • New Listing
    Stock photo**
    • 92,283 miles
    • 5 Seats, 17 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Ride Now Motors (117 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Monroe, NC / 117 miles away from Durham, NC

    More Info Finance Available. Your Job is Your Credit! Payment term up to 5 years. Applicants subject to Approval! Warranty and gap available!!

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AB2A57JLB32398
    Stock: 43460
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-21-2025

  • New Listing
    $55,998
    good price
    $4,034 below market
    • 4,268 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from CA to NC*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Escondido, CA / 2,169 miles away from Durham, NC

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2A57PLB18593
    Stock: 26683569
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $51,998
    good price
    $3,214 below market
    • 24,179 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from CA to NC*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Oxnard, CA / 2,262 miles away from Durham, NC

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2A54PLB16137
    Stock: 27372404
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $52,998
    fair price
    $184 below market
    • 27,477 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from FL to NC*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Clearwater, FL / 602 miles away from Durham, NC

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2A52PLB06559
    Stock: 27147758
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $17,998
    good price
    $2,245 below market
    • 79,214 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 20 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Metrolina Car Club (118 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Stallings, NC / 118 miles away from Durham, NC

    FOR MORE INFORMATION INCLUDING FREE CARFAX REPORTS VISIT WWW.METROLINACARCLUB.COM BASE AWD 4dr SUV,,,,,,2.0L I4 TURBOCHARGER,,,,,,AUTOMATIC 7-SPEED,,,...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2A58HLB09788
    Stock: B09788
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-01-2025

  • New Listing
    $23,999
    good price
    $2,324 below market
    • 43,488 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 20 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Audi Greensboro (55 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Greensboro, NC / 55 miles away from Durham, NC

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2A54HLB83287
    Stock: 6AD9671A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-09-2025

  • $16,355
    good price
    $1,332 below market
    • 115,340 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 17 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • 1st Auto Gallery (189 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Stafford, VA / 189 miles away from Durham, NC

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AF2A53FLB91864
    Stock: AG1065
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 19,353 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 17 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in San Antonio, TX / 1,223 miles away from Durham, NC

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AG2A57PLB38048
    Stock: 2003655999
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-14-2025

  • Price Drop
    $50,999
    good price
    $3,063 below market
    • 16,237 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Ann Arbor, MI / 506 miles away from Durham, NC

    Rare Find,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Heated Seats,Heated Steering Wheel,Keyless Start,Leather Seats,Navigation System,Satelli...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2A51PLB21943
    Stock: PLB21943P
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $54,990
    fair price
    $763 below market
    • 11,621 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Phoenix, AZ / 1,880 miles away from Durham, NC

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2A52PLB07498
    Stock: 2003697492
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-20-2025

  • Price Drop
    $27,498
    good price
    $1,712 below market
    • 69,331 miles
    • No accidents, 4 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 17 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • HBi Auto (93 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Mocksville, NC / 93 miles away from Durham, NC

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AF2A57HLB61902
    Stock: TB61902
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 01-04-2025

  • New Listing
    $55,998
    fair price
    $107 above market
    • 9,851 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from CA to NC*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Sacramento, CA / 2,324 miles away from Durham, NC

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2A56PLB01784
    Stock: 27456916
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $18,956
    good price
    $2,006 below market
    • 95,173 miles
    • 2 accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 17 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Metrolina Car Club (118 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Stallings, NC / 118 miles away from Durham, NC

    FOR MORE INFORMATION INCLUDING FREE CARFAX REPORTS VISIT WWW.METROLINACARCLUB.COM S AWD 4dr SUV,,,,,,,3.0L V6 TWIN TURBOCHARGER,,,,AUTOMATIC 7-SPEED...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AB2A5XHLB16643
    Stock: B16643
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-07-2025

  • Price Drop
    $26,990
    fair price
    $1,284 below market
    • 43,774 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 20 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Atlanta, GA / 349 miles away from Durham, NC

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2A52HLB09642
    Stock: 2003581153
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-17-2025

  • Stock photo**
    $15,999
    good price
    $1,455 below market
    • 120,250 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 20 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Urban Exchange Auto (130 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Richmond, VA / 130 miles away from Durham, NC

    Runs good no issues, 2 brand new tires. New rear brakes, 2 new front wheels bearing, recent oil change ,new state inspection

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2A5XHLB07606
    Stock: B07606
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-15-2025

  • $19,500
    fair price
    $1,180 below market
    • 78,187 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 20 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • AP Cars Sales (116 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Charlotte, NC / 116 miles away from Durham, NC

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2A58HLB82062
    Stock: 82062
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-24-2025

Showing 295 - 315 out of 526 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Porsche Macan

Read recent reviews for the Porsche Macan
Overall Consumer Rating
4.6 out of 5 stars26 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 26 reviews
  • 5 star
    (69%)
  • 4 star
    (19%)
  • 3 star
    (12%)
  • 2 star
    (0%)
  • 1 star
    (0%)
5 out of 5 stars

DOUBLED DOWN! Upgraded from Base to GTS

MAPC, 08/29/2020
2020 Porsche Macan GTS 4dr SUV AWD (2.9L 6cyl Turbo 7AM)
First- this review is NOT to say that the Base isn't a great car--IT IS. I owned my 2018 for two years and LOVED it. I have owned many cars and have only 2 other times ever bought another version of a car I had already owned- and this is the first time that I am doing in back to back. The build quality, interior fit and finish is fantastic. Nothing feels as good- at any price. In terms … of size, it is true that this is not a 'family hauler'- which is exactly why I like it so much. I have owned a Cayenne S in the past but I just prefer smaller cars- even though I am a bigger guy. My favorite car of all time (until now!) has been my GTI- and this feels like a bigger/higher end/big-boy version of my GTI. Yes, they are expensive. Yes, they charge you extra for many things that others provide in their base prices....but, to me, it is well worth it. I looked at x3 M40i, Stelvio, Velar, etc and none of them comes close to the build quality, handling and overall performance of the Macan. BASE- absolutely good enough if you are not a performance junkee S- great all around, you won't regret spending the $ for it if you can afford it GTS- definitely the 'one to get' for the true Porsche experience in a CUV TURBO- certainly appealing but, IMHO, only if you load it up with the performance/handling features that are standard in the GTS but optional in the Turbo If you are considering a Macan- go for it- you will not regret it.
Report abuse

Used 2018 Porsche Macan in Durham, NC Values

Estimated values
2018 Porsche Macan S 4dr SUV AWD (3.0L 6cyl Turbo 7AM) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$21,529$24,146$26,301
Clean$21,005$23,545$25,631
Average$20,132$22,542$24,515
Rough$18,996$21,239$23,064

The average list price of a used 2018 Porsche Macan in Durham, North Carolina is $36,073. The average mileage on a used Porsche Macan 2018 for sale in Durham, North Carolina is 53,515. Based on the average mileage of 53,515 for used 2018 Porsche Macan for sale in Durham, NC and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Porsche Macan 2018 in Durham, North Carolina to be $20,132.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius200 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

EV Details

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.