Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
275 listings
  • Price Drop
    $23,585
    fair price
    $788 below market
    • 133,944 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 13 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Chesrown Chevrolet GMC (112 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Delaware, OH / 112 miles away from Cincinnati, OH

    CARFAX One-Owner. Clean CARFAX.Why buy at Chesrown? How about our FREE Lifetime Powertrain Warranty! Still not convinced? We also offer FREE Lifetime...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    15 Combined MPG (13 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AZ2NE9K9230374
    Stock: C25536A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-29-2025

  • Price Drop
    $23,855
    fair price
    $668 below market
    • 101,660 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 13 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Jeff Wyler Kings Nissan (18 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Cincinnati, OH / 18 miles away from Cincinnati, OH

    Jeff Wyler Kings Nissan is proud to offer this charming 2019 INFINITI QX80 LUXE in Hermosa Blue. Well equipped with: 22" Wheel Package (Wheels: 22" x ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    15 Combined MPG (13 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AZ2NE6K9237699
    Stock: 29T2611
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-02-2025

  • Stock photo**
    $28,995
    fair price
    $686 above market
    • 74,772 miles
    • No accidents, 5 owners, rental vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 13 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Hubler Nissan (93 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Indianapolis, IN / 93 miles away from Cincinnati, OH

    $300 below J.D. Power Retail! Liquid Platinum exterior and Graphite interior, LUXE trim. NAV, Sunroof, 3rd Row Seat, Heated Leather Seats, Rear Air, P...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    15 Combined MPG (13 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AZ2NEXK9231050
    Stock: 25400B
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-24-2025

  • Price Drop
    $29,874
    fair price
    $1,373 below market
    • 75,686 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 13 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Louisville INFINITI (83 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Louisville, KY / 83 miles away from Cincinnati, OH

    2020 INFINITI QX80 LUXE CARFAX One-Owner. Clean CARFAX. Black Obsidian 2020 INFINITI QX80 LUXE 4WD 7-Speed Automatic 5.6L V8 Black Mesh Grille Insert,...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    15 Combined MPG (13 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AZ2NE7L9252438
    Stock: 250348A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-10-2025

  • New Listing
    $35,850
    good price
    $1,553 below market
    • 54,601 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 13 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Fishers Imports (99 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Fishers, IN / 99 miles away from Cincinnati, OH

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    15 Combined MPG (13 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AZ2NE0L9252412
    Stock: I2412T
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-27-2025

  • $22,381
    fair price
    $1,006 below market
    • 111,244 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 13 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Hyundai of Noblesville (102 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Noblesville, IN / 102 miles away from Cincinnati, OH

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    15 Combined MPG (13 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AZ2NE7J9194800
    Stock: 9194800
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-21-2025

  • Price Drop
    $24,387
    good price
    $2,000 below market
    • 92,831 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 13 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Jeff Wyler Honda Auto Mall (96 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Louisville, KY / 96 miles away from Cincinnati, OH

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    15 Combined MPG (13 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AZ2NEXJ9193818
    Stock: 3401227A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-26-2025

  • $20,000
    fair price
    $468 below market
    • 123,922 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, rental vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • Savvy Auto Sales (97 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Columbus, OH / 97 miles away from Cincinnati, OH

    SAVVY buyers shop at Savvy Auto Sales...Savvy Auto Sales is proud to offer gently used vehicles at the best prices on the market. We offer a 'NO-HAGGL...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AZ2NF9J9662860
    Stock: 662860
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-16-2025

  • New Listing
    $22,442
    fair price
    $769 above market
    • 112,578 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 13 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Toyota of Muncie (92 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Muncie, IN / 92 miles away from Cincinnati, OH

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    15 Combined MPG (13 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AZ2NE3J9191358
    Stock: 191358
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-30-2025

  • New Listing
    $28,497
    fair price
    $464 above market
    • 88,394 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 13 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Astorg Pre-Owned Plaza (162 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Charleston, WV / 162 miles away from Cincinnati, OH

    2020 INFINITI QX80 LUXE Black Obsidian Apple CarPlay/Android Auto, Auto High-beam Headlights, Auto-dimming door mirrors, Auto-leveling suspension, Aut...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    15 Combined MPG (13 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AZ2NE7L9256442
    Stock: MX10773A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-26-2025

    • 74,341 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 13 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana - Columbus (101 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Columbus, OH / 101 miles away from Cincinnati, OH

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    15 Combined MPG (13 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AZ2NE9L9255695
    Stock: 2003629236
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-15-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 71,151 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 13 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • S & H Auto Sales Elkhart (198 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Elkhart, IN / 198 miles away from Cincinnati, OH

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    15 Combined MPG (13 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AZ2NE2J9194901
    Stock: E194901
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-23-2025

  • New Listing
    $25,999
    great price
    $4,721 below market
    • 59,069 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 13 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Farmington Hills, MI / 240 miles away from Cincinnati, OH

    Rare Find,3rd Row Seat,Back-Up Camera,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Heated Seats,Heated Steering Wheel,Keyless Start,Leather Seats,Navigation System,Premium ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    15 Combined MPG (13 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AZ2NE8K9226736
    Stock: K9226736P
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $18,995
    great price
    $2,614 below market
    • 137,840 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 13 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Wide Range (92 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Greenwood, IN / 92 miles away from Cincinnati, OH

    1-OWNER, 0-ACCIDENTS!! Ride around in ultimate comfort and style!!! This beauty has it ALL!!! The 2019 Infiniti QX80 Luxe is a large luxury SUV, known...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    15 Combined MPG (13 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AZ2NE5K9228153
    Stock: 228153
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 10-26-2024

  • $20,394
    good price
    $1,315 below market
    • 134,753 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 13 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Shepherd's Chrysler Dodge Jeep Ram (159 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Auburn, IN / 159 miles away from Cincinnati, OH

    2019 INFINITI QX80Clean CARFAX. QX80 LUXE, 4D Sport Utility, 5.6L V8, 7-Speed Automatic, 4WD, Hermosa Blue, Graphite Leather, 120V Power Outlet, 22" W...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    15 Combined MPG (13 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AZ2NE0K9237553
    Stock: R20289A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-24-2025

  • $30,920
    good price
    $2,011 below market
    • 48,480 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 13 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Tom Roush Lincoln (100 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Fishers, IN / 100 miles away from Cincinnati, OH

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    15 Combined MPG (13 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AZ2NE7K9233046
    Stock: L24342A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-01-2025

  • $24,995
    fair price
    $1,180 below market
    • 103,000 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 13 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • INFINITI of Columbus (103 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Dublin, OH / 103 miles away from Cincinnati, OH

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    15 Combined MPG (13 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AZ2NE9K9230732
    Stock: J01050A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-23-2025

  • $18,250
    good price
    $1,457 below market
    • 103,881 miles
    • 3 accidents, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 13 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Indy Auto Man (96 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Indianapolis, IN / 96 miles away from Cincinnati, OH

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    15 Combined MPG (13 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AZ2NE3H9152215
    Stock: Z3768AZ
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-27-2025

  • $38,700
    good price
    $1,162 below market
    • 39,838 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 13 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Louisville INFINITI (83 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Louisville, KY / 83 miles away from Cincinnati, OH

    2021 INFINITI QX80 LUXE INFINITI Certified Pre-Owned Details: * 167 Point Inspection * Vehicle History * Transferable Warranty * Limited Warranty:...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    15 Combined MPG (13 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AZ2AE2M9273740
    Stock: P273740
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 05-09-2025

  • $36,987
    good price
    $1,172 below market
    • 63,796 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 13 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Dan Cummins Ford Lincoln (79 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Nicholasville, KY / 79 miles away from Cincinnati, OH

    Command the Road with the 2021 INFINITI QX80 PREMIUM SELECT: Power, Luxury, and Style in a Bold Mineral Black PackageStep into the world of luxury ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    15 Combined MPG (13 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AZ2AE7M9267223
    Stock: 100346A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-14-2025

    • 47,704 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 13 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in San Antonio, TX / 1,038 miles away from Cincinnati, OH

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    15 Combined MPG (13 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AZ2NE5K9238407
    Stock: 2003818862
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-25-2025

Showing 1 - 21 out of 275 listings

Consumer Reviews for the INFINITI QX80

Read recent reviews for the INFINITI QX80
Overall Consumer Rating
3.6 out of 5 stars32 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 32 reviews
  • 5 star
    (38%)
  • 4 star
    (19%)
  • 3 star
    (19%)
  • 2 star
    (19%)
  • 1 star
    (6%)
5 out of 5 stars

Love MY QX80

Walter from Stockbridge, 11/01/2018
2017 INFINITI QX80 Signature 4dr SUV 4WD (5.6L 8cyl 7A)
Owned my QX80 Signature Series for over a year, and still love it. It handles excellent on dry roads, and in the rain, and high winds. It has the comfort that is needed for trips. It has the power to continue to perform when loaded with passengers. And a cargo trailer.
Report abuse

Used 2019 INFINITI QX80 in Cincinnati, OH Values

Estimated values
2019 INFINITI QX80 LIMITED 4dr SUV 4WD (5.6L 8cyl 7A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$24,293$26,988$29,381
Clean$23,780$26,414$28,752
Average$22,926$25,457$27,702
Rough$21,816$24,214$26,337

The average list price of a used 2019 INFINITI QX80 in Cincinnati, Ohio is $26,993. The average mileage on a used INFINITI QX80 2019 for sale in Cincinnati, Ohio is 88,261. Based on the average mileage of 88,261 for used 2019 INFINITI QX80 for sale in Cincinnati, OH and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used INFINITI QX80 2019 in Cincinnati, Ohio to be $22,926.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius200 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.