Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
243 listings
  • $29,985
    good price
    $1,488 below market
    • 82,484 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • Fast Track Motors (73 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Paterson, NJ / 73 miles away from Allentown, PA

    2019 CADILLAC ESCALADE!!! ESV!!! LUXURY!!! 4X4!!! 6.2L V8!!! THIRD ROW SEATS!!! ONE OWNER!!! LEATHER INTERIOR...HEATED SEATS...COOLED SEATS...POWER SE...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4HKJ5KR157792
    Stock: FT07968
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-17-2025

  • $23,995
    great price
    $3,078 below market
    • 113,878 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, rental vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • G Motors Waterford (80 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Vineland, NJ / 80 miles away from Allentown, PA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS3HKJ4KR139657
    Stock: VNEKR139657
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $32,995
    fair price
    $800 below market
    • 92,211 miles
    • 2 accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 8 Seats, 14 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • Bristol Auto Mall (46 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Levittown, PA / 46 miles away from Allentown, PA

    *E-Z FINANCE!!!* *Bad Credit No Problem A Job Is Your Credit* *For fast loan approval click FINANCING at www.bristolautomall.com* *ALL TYPES OF CREDIT...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4JKJ5KR183302
    Stock: 757
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-03-2025

  • New Listing
    Stock photo**
    • 15,022 miles
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • North Bay Cadillac (93 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Great Neck, NY / 93 miles away from Allentown, PA

    Recent Arrival! 2019 Cadillac Escalade ESV Luxury Black RavenThis Escalade ESV Luxury is nicely equipped with Driver Awareness Package (Forward Collis...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4HKJ7KR183987
    Stock: 41845T
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-23-2025

  • Stock photo**
    • 116,805 miles
    • 1 accident, 3 owners, taxi vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • North Bay Cadillac (93 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Great Neck, NY / 93 miles away from Allentown, PA

    Recent Arrival! 2019 Cadillac Escalade ESV Luxury Black Raven This Escalade ESV Luxury is nicely equipped with Driver Awareness Package (Forward Colli...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4HKJ4KR109734
    Stock: 12438P
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-13-2025

  • Price Drop
    $34,999
    good price
    $3,132 below market
    • 41,102 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 8 Seats, 14 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • Queens Auto Mall (87 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Queens, NY / 87 miles away from Allentown, PA

    Shop the best deals on hundreds of top quality preowned vehicles right in the heart of Queens, NY only at Queens Auto Mall! The Cadillac Escalade ESV ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4HKJ7JR245340
    Stock: 083205
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-21-2024

  • $32,995
    great price
    $5,478 below market
    • 104,511 miles
    • 1 accident, 5 owners, rental vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • The Car House NJ (65 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Butler, NJ / 65 miles away from Allentown, PA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4KKJ8LR186251
    Stock: 186251
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 60,902 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 8 Seats, 14 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • Scott Cadillac (2 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Allentown, PA / 2 miles away from Allentown, PA

    2020 Cadillac Escalade ESV Certified. CADILLAC CERTIFIED, LOCAL TRADE, Escalade ESV Luxury, 4D Sport Utility, 6.2L V8, 10-Speed Automatic with Overdri...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4HKJ5LR150004
    Stock: P11928L
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-14-2025

  • $32,495
    fair price
    $92 below market
    • 72,151 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, rental vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • Holman Cadillac (53 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Mount Laurel, NJ / 53 miles away from Allentown, PA

    4WD.Holman Cadillac is excited to offer this charming 2018 Cadillac Escalade ESV. Luxury 4WD Odometer is 4823 miles below market average!Price ex...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4HKJ2JR361044
    Stock: JR361044
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-25-2025

  • $33,990
    fair price
    $154 above market
    • 63,662 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • Import Masters (92 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Great Neck, NY / 92 miles away from Allentown, PA

    Special pricing ad/promotion is available to customers who reference such pricing and present the ad at the time of sale otherwise store list price ap...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4HKJ8JR241717
    Stock: 55290M
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-19-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 86,072 miles
    • Manufacturer buyback reported, 2 owners, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • CarVision of Trooper (31 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Trooper, PA / 31 miles away from Allentown, PA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Issue reported

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: Yes

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS3HKJXJR366740
    Stock: 366740BB
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-02-2025

  • $26,995
    great price
    $3,921 below market
    • 110,741 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • Price Wise Auto Sale (63 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Linden, NJ / 63 miles away from Allentown, PA

    Welcome to Price Wise Auto, where we're committed to making car ownership accessible for everyone. Whether you have excellent credit, poor credit, no ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4JKJ8KR273625
    Stock: KR273625
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 205,498 miles
    • 1 accident, 3 owners, taxi vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • Major World Chevrolet (82 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Long Island City, NY / 82 miles away from Allentown, PA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4JKJ8LR124293
    Stock: M74763
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-17-2025

  • $30,990
    great price
    $3,224 below market
    • 86,369 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • Bomnin Chevrolet Buick GMC Nanuet (85 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Nanuet, NY / 85 miles away from Allentown, PA

    CARFAX One-Owner. Clean CARFAX. Priced below KBB Fair Purchase Price! Odometer is 15162 miles below market average! 4WD, 12-Way Power Front Passenger ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4JKJ0KR152703
    Stock: C152703A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-02-2025

  • Price Drop
    $22,990
    good price
    $2,798 below market
    • 115,566 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 15 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • Excel Auto Lounge (53 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Hightstown, NJ / 53 miles away from Allentown, PA

    4WD.Clean CARFAX. Crystal White Tricoat 2017 Cadillac Escalade ESV Premium 4WD 8-Speed Automatic Vortec 6.2L V8 SIDIReviews: * Strong V8 engine ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (15 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4JKJ1HR321720
    Stock: HR321720
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-04-2025

    • 120,978 miles
    • 1 accident, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • Blue Star Cars (57 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Jamesburg, NJ / 57 miles away from Allentown, PA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4HKJ0JR348308
    Stock: 348308
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 79,033 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Los Angeles, CA / 2,371 miles away from Allentown, PA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4KKJ0KR288903
    Stock: 2003842139
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-11-2025

  • Price Drop
    $29,498
    fair price
    $340 below market
    • 85,919 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • Axis Chevrolet (74 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Jersey City, NJ / 74 miles away from Allentown, PA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4HKJ9KR304177
    Stock: KR304177
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-10-2025

  • New Listing
    • 50,679 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Phoenix, AZ / 2,059 miles away from Allentown, PA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4JKJ2KR264726
    Stock: 2003867198
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-12-2025

  • Stock photo**
    $36,500
    good price
    $1,803 below market
    • 43,307 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • Pepe Cadillac (94 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in White Plains, NY / 94 miles away from Allentown, PA

    2019 Cadillac Escalade ESV Luxury Crystal White TricoatDriver Awareness Package Advanced Safety Features Full-Size Luxury SUVExperience unmatched styl...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4HKJXKR392964
    Stock: U9035T
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-10-2025

  • Price Drop
    Stock photo**
    $37,495
    fair price
    $792 above market
    • 48,878 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • Bergey's Cadillac (34 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Plymouth Meeting, PA / 34 miles away from Allentown, PA

    NEW ARRIVAL!! SUPER CLEAN ESV LUXURY W/ ONLY 48,000 MILES! TONS OF SAVINGS! ONLY ONE OWNER, CLEAN CARFAX AND WELL CARED FOR!! AN ORIGINAL BERGEYS CAR!...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4HKJ0KR230342
    Stock: ECN3670A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-16-2025

Showing 1 - 21 out of 243 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Cadillac Escalade ESV

Read recent reviews for the Cadillac Escalade ESV
Overall Consumer Rating
3.1 out of 5 stars27 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 27 reviews
  • 5 star
    (41%)
  • 4 star
    (7%)
  • 3 star
    (11%)
  • 2 star
    (4%)
  • 1 star
    (37%)
5 out of 5 stars

My dream vehicle!

Cindy W., 01/28/2020
2018 Cadillac Escalade ESV Premium Luxury 4dr SUV 4WD (6.2L 8cyl 10A)
If you're looking for a great ride, a ton of bells and whistles and a stylish vehicle, you're going to love owning an Escalade. This SUV has everything, hiding spots for your belongings, USB ports everywhere, 120v plugin, a ton of Bose speakers and so much more. The camera system is amazing! When I flip up my rear view mirror I see traffic behind me. When I pull into my garage I … still get the 360 view to make sure that I'm over enough and in far enough. My only issue, and this is a me issue is that this is sooo much bigger than the Tahoe I came from. This one is a beast ;o) so I'm having problems pulling into parking spots still, but with time, I'm sure that I'll nail it.
Report abuse

Used 2019 Cadillac Escalade ESV in Allentown, PA Values

Estimated values
2019 Cadillac Escalade ESV Luxury 4dr SUV 4WD (6.2L 8cyl 10A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$26,727$30,027$32,957
Clean$26,163$29,389$32,251
Average$25,224$28,324$31,074
Rough$24,002$26,941$29,543

The average list price of a used 2019 Cadillac Escalade ESV in Allentown, Pennsylvania is $32,883. The average mileage on a used Cadillac Escalade ESV 2019 for sale in Allentown, Pennsylvania is 85,513. Based on the average mileage of 85,513 for used 2019 Cadillac Escalade ESV for sale in Allentown, PA and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Cadillac Escalade ESV 2019 in Allentown, Pennsylvania to be $25,224.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius100 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.