Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
156 listings
  • Price Drop
    $74,999
    fair price
    $465 below market
    • 29,373 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Seattle, WA / 2,651 miles away from Port Saint Lucie, FL

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,CarFax 1-Owner,Apple CarPlay,Automatic Parking,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Hands-Free Liftga...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBS43AZ07PCM39764
    Stock: CM39764CB
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $24,997
    fair price
    $565 below market
    • 104,516 miles
    • No accidents, 6 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 6cyl automated manual
    • Route One Auto (114 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Ocoee, FL / 114 miles away from Port Saint Lucie, FL

    Visit Route One Auto to shop our great deals. You can contact us or call 4**-4**-0*** to schedule your test drive today. Power Door Locks Vehicle Anti...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (17 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBS3U9C54FJ967784
    Stock: 967784
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-18-2025

  • $43,590
    fair price
    $1,042 below market
    • 38,118 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 6cyl automated manual
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Cincinnati, OH / 850 miles away from Port Saint Lucie, FL

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (17 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBS3R9C52FK331831
    Stock: 2003911477
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-22-2025

  • New Listing
    Photos not available
    $27,791
    fair price
    $1,593 below market
    • 89,956 miles
    • No accidents, 6 owners, personal use only
    • 6cyl automated manual
    • BMW of Tallahassee (327 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Tallahassee, FL / 327 miles away from Port Saint Lucie, FL

    more

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (17 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBS3U9C50FJ968009
    Stock: 232163AA
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-22-2025

  • $71,365
    fair price
    $381 above market
    • 20,883 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, rental vehicle
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Clovis, CA / 2,379 miles away from Port Saint Lucie, FL

    Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Brake Assist,Hands-Free Liftgate,Heated Seats,Heated Steering Wheel,Leather Seats,Navigation System,Pr...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBS33AZ03PCL64850
    Stock: PCL64850PR
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $29,998
    fair price
    $11 above market
    • 88,457 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 6cyl automated manual
    • Direct Auto (104 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Orlando, FL / 104 miles away from Port Saint Lucie, FL

    Direct Auto Orlando Premier Pre-Owned Car Dealer in Orlando, FLLooking for a reliable used car dealership in Orlando? Direct Auto Orlando is your go-t...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (17 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBS3U9C56FJ967818
    Stock: 967818
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-26-2025

    • 6,742 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Braman BMW West Palm Beach (43 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in West Palm Beach, FL / 43 miles away from Port Saint Lucie, FL

    Recent Arrival! COVERED BY BMW CERTIFIED WARRANTY UNLIMITED MILES, LOW LOW MILES, Local Trade, Clean CarFax Report, Active Driving Assistant Pro, Auto...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBS43BA02SCS66035
    Stock: BC-82988A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-21-2025

    • 5,254 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 6cyl manual
    • Mullinax Ford of Central Florida (118 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Apopka, FL / 118 miles away from Port Saint Lucie, FL

    **FREE DELIVERY WITHIN 200 MILES IN FLORIDA**, **NO DEALER FEES**, **4.6 STAR CUSTOMER RATED DEALERSHIP**, **LOCAL ORLANDO AREA TRADE**, **LEATHER SEA...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBS13HK05SCT58910
    Stock: T58910
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-07-2025

  • New Listing
    • 12,810 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 6cyl manual
    • Central Florida Chrysler Jeep Dodge Ram (103 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Orlando, FL / 103 miles away from Port Saint Lucie, FL

    ***NATIONWIDE LIFETIME WARRANTY***UNLIMITED TIME AND MILES***BUY WITH CONFIDENCE AT CENTRAL FLORIDA CDJR***CARFAX One-Owner. ANDROID AUTO, APPLE CAR P...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBS53AZ02PCM59814
    Stock: W626596A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-26-2025

    • 73,416 miles
    • Frame damage reported, 3 owners, personal use
    • 6cyl automated manual
    • Sunny Florida Cars (137 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Bradenton, FL / 137 miles away from Port Saint Lucie, FL

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Issue reported

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: Yes

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (17 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBS3R9C56FK333260
    Stock: 333260
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 11-28-2024

  • Stock photo**
    • 2,246 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Braman Miami Pre-Owned (104 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Miami, FL / 104 miles away from Port Saint Lucie, FL

    Recent Arrival! 2025 BMW M4 Competition 3.0L I6 Turbocharged DOHC 24V LEV3-ULEV70 523hp 8-Speed Automatic Sport RWD16/23 City/Highway MPG

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBS23HK00SCU19438
    Stock: B9047058A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-20-2025

  • Price Drop
    $83,599
    great price
    $8,505 below market
    • 4,886 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Germain BMW of Naples (114 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Naples, FL / 114 miles away from Port Saint Lucie, FL

    Recent Arrival! CARFAX One-Owner. Clean CARFAX. Clean Carfax Report, Low Mileage, BMW CERTIFIED! Includes Unlimited Mileage Factory Warranty at no add...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBS33AZ09RCP22990
    Stock: DP2580
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 07-09-2025

  • New Listing
    • 34,056 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Daytona INFINITI (139 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Daytona Beach, FL / 139 miles away from Port Saint Lucie, FL

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBS33AZ09PCL81507
    Stock: PCL81507
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-23-2025

  • New Listing
    • 5,496 miles
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Ferman BMW of Palm Harbor (155 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Palm Harbor, FL / 155 miles away from Port Saint Lucie, FL

    NAVIGATION*, EXECUTIVE PACKAGE*, BACK UP CAMERA*, DRIVERS ASSISTANCE PLUS PACKAGE*, CARBON FIBER TRIM, HARMAN KARDON SOUND SYSTEM, COMFORT ACCESS, M4 ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBS43AZ05PCM35860
    Stock: 25B1245A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-15-2025

    • 40,859 miles
    • No accidents, 4 owners, personal use
    • 6cyl manual
    • Premier Auto Lounge (151 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Clearwater, FL / 151 miles away from Port Saint Lucie, FL

    Welcome to PREMIER AUTO LOUNGE, Where Automotive Excellence Meets a Relaxed Buying Experience. The car buying process should not have to feel like run...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (17 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBS3R9C52FK332882
    Stock: 332882
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-15-2025

    • 56,881 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 6cyl automated manual
    • Hillsboro Auto Mart (140 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Tampa, FL / 140 miles away from Port Saint Lucie, FL

    *** www.hillsboroautomart.com *** ***2015 BMW M4*** ***3.0L I-6 DI DOHC T/C 3.0L*** ***RWD*** ***CARBON FIBER FRONT LOWER SPLITTERS*** ***CARBON FIBER...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (17 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBS3U9C54FJ968191
    Stock: 968191
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 12-10-2024

  • New Listing
    • 31,617 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 6cyl automatic
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from GA to FL*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Kennesaw, GA / 527 miles away from Port Saint Lucie, FL

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBS33BA09PCM35390
    Stock: 27599018
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 34,215 miles
    • No accidents, 5 owners, personal use
    • 6cyl manual
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Charlotte, NC / 548 miles away from Port Saint Lucie, FL

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (17 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBS3R9C56FK335395
    Stock: 2003902726
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-25-2025

  • New Listing
    Stock photo**
    • 27,500 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 6cyl automatic
    • HGreg Lux (72 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Pompano Beach, FL / 72 miles away from Port Saint Lucie, FL

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBS33BA09PCL36049
    Stock: 911792B
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-27-2025

    • 69,219 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 6cyl automated manual
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Dallas, TX / 1,052 miles away from Port Saint Lucie, FL

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (17 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBS3R9C56FK330620
    Stock: 2003886613
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-09-2025

  • $86,990
    great price
    $8,648 below market
    • 23,078 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Exotic Knights (107 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Orlando, FL / 107 miles away from Port Saint Lucie, FL

    Clean CARFAX. SINGLE MIDPIPE. CATLESS DOWNPIPES, COMES WITH STOCK AS WELL. CARBON CSL GRILL. BURGER MOTORSPORTS INTAKES. Blue 2024 BMW M4 Competition ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBS43AZ04RCN42370
    Stock: M1134
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-20-2025

Showing 106 - 126 out of 156 listings

Consumer Reviews for the BMW M4

Read recent reviews for the BMW M4
Overall Consumer Rating
4.7 out of 5 stars24 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 24 reviews
  • 5 star
    (79%)
  • 4 star
    (13%)
  • 3 star
    (4%)
  • 2 star
    (4%)
  • 1 star
    (0%)
4 out of 5 stars

M4 after 16k miles of driving

Keith Sanders , 03/12/2018
2016 BMW M4 2dr Coupe (3.0L 6cyl Turbo 6M)
Comparing this to my ‘17 911S Porsche May help. The M4 is an awesome vehicle overall. The MDCT is not as smooth as the 911’s PDK however. The engine is awesome but I find the width of the rear tires to be insufficient at 275 mm vs 305 mm for the 911S. So it spins way too easily—this is a known problem on the Bimmerfest forums too. I am running very good Michelin Pilot Super Sports as … well. I will try going at least 295 mm wide with 10.5” or 11” with wheels at tire change time. This will cost around $2,500 extra to remediate this problem. One annoying thing is that the BMW speedometer reads too fast by about 2 mph at 60 mph; so speedometer shows 62 when you are doing 60–again this is a well documented issue with BMW. The interior and media interface are class leaders. The technology is superior with things like Apple Car Play, very smart bright lights, cruise control, fuel consumption, various programmed driving modes, excellent wet road handling, etc. So awesome car that seriously need slightly wider tires on the rear.
Report abuse

Used 2023 BMW M4 in Port Saint Lucie, FL Values

Estimated values
2023 BMW M4 Competition xDrive 2dr Coupe AWD (3.0L 6cyl Turbo 8A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$54,473$56,921$59,668
Clean$53,906$56,204$58,786
Average$52,961$55,007$57,316
Rough$51,732$53,452$55,405

The average list price of a used 2023 BMW M4 in Port Saint Lucie, Florida is $59,996. The average mileage on a used BMW M4 2023 for sale in Port Saint Lucie, Florida is 38,075. Based on the average mileage of 38,075 for used 2023 BMW M4 for sale in Port Saint Lucie, FL and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used BMW M4 2023 in Port Saint Lucie, Florida to be $52,961.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius500 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.