Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
85 listings
  • Price Drop
    $37,995
    good price
    $4,656 below market
    • 58,949 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 14 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • CarTopia (59 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in North Plainfield, NJ / 59 miles away from Philadelphia, PA

    This BMW won't be on the lot long! First and foremost is the striking exterior. The engine breathes better thanks to a turbocharger, improving both pe...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5YMKT6C54J0X21117
    Stock: C4081
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-01-2025

  • New Listing
    Photos not available
    $36,995
    good price
    $4,976 below market
    • 62,500 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 14 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Hyundai of Trenton (29 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Ewing, NJ / 29 miles away from Philadelphia, PA

    Black Sapphire Metallic 2018 BMW X5 M Base AWD 8-Speed Automatic Sport 4.4L V8 DOHC 32V TwinPower TurboRecent Arrival! Odometer is 1320 miles below ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5YMKT6C55J0Y83726
    Stock: Y83726T01
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-02-2025

  • $34,995
    great price
    $5,135 below market
    • 72,064 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 14 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Tuckahoe Autoland (97 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Yonkers, NY / 97 miles away from Philadelphia, PA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5YMKT6C52J0Y83618
    Stock: T232
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 67,089 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 14 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Beverly Hills Auto Group (93 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Elmont, NY / 93 miles away from Philadelphia, PA

    NO HIDDEN FEES OR CHARGES. SAME PRICE CASH/FINANCE. BE AWARE THAT UNETHICAL DEALERS ADVERTISE FALSE PRICES ONLINE, REQUIRE YOU TO FINANCE IN ORDER TO ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5YMKT6C55J0Y83709
    Stock: 8190
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-19-2025

  • New Listing
    $30,995
    good price
    $2,193 below market
    • 75,207 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 14 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Automotive Avenues (57 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Wall, NJ / 57 miles away from Philadelphia, PA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5YMKT6C38H0U39524
    Stock: 55810
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-05-2025

  • New Listing
    $36,270
    fair price
    $2,691 below market
    • 80,638 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 14 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • East Coast Auto Group (67 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Linden, NJ / 67 miles away from Philadelphia, PA

    Our attractive 2018 BMW X M xDrive in Alpine White is the pinnacle of performance, prestige, and precision! Powered by a TurboCharged 4.4 Liter V8 off...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5YMKT6C51J0Y83979
    Stock: 9484
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-20-2025

  • Price Drop
    $36,990
    fair price
    $1,627 below market
    • 76,840 miles
    • No accidents, 4 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 14 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Chicago, IL / 703 miles away from Philadelphia, PA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5YMKT6C55J0Y84147
    Stock: 2003875402
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-04-2025

  • $26,995
    great price
    $3,439 below market
    • 85,116 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 14 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • The Car House NJ (83 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Butler, NJ / 83 miles away from Philadelphia, PA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5YMKT6C53G0R78245
    Stock: R78245
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $32,995
    fair price
    $1,010 below market
    • 44,254 miles
    • No accidents, 4 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 14 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • CarTopia (59 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in North Plainfield, NJ / 59 miles away from Philadelphia, PA

    Introducing the 2016 BMW X5 M! A great vehicle and a great value! A turbocharger further enhances performance, while also preserving fuel economy. Wit...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5YMKT6C56G0R79387
    Stock: C4062
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-07-2025

  • $67,000
    fair price
    $885 below market
    • 37,899 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 13 City / 18 Hwy MPG
    • BMW of Owings Mills (93 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Owings Mills, MD / 93 miles away from Philadelphia, PA

    One owner. Garage kept! Full front PPF! Fully loaded with FULL MERINO LEATHER, BOWERS & WILKINS, EXECUTIVE PACKAGE, DRIVING ASSISTANCE PROFESSIONAL PA...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    15 Combined MPG (13 City/18 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5YMJU0C0XL9D28735
    Stock: 133893A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-31-2025

  • $45,150
    fair price
    $1,454 below market
    • 38,827 miles
    • 2 accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 14 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Yonkers Auto Gallery (98 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Yonkers, NY / 98 miles away from Philadelphia, PA

    ABOUT THIS VEHICLE Looking for a clean, well-cared for 2018 BMW X5 M? This is it. Want more room? Want more style? This BMW X5 M xDrive is the vehicle...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5YMKT6C54J0Y83801
    Stock: Y83801
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-24-2025

  • $30,136
    fair price
    $1,169 below market
    • 71,797 miles
    • 1 accident, 4 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 14 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Lynnes Hyundai (76 mi away)
    • Five Star Dealer
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Bloomfield, NJ / 76 miles away from Philadelphia, PA

    This 2016 BMW X5 M has passed the Lynnes comprehensive 172 point inspection with flying colors. Our ASE certified technicians have inspected this X5 M...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5YMKT6C52G0R79483
    Stock: HE7992P
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 10-21-2024

  • New Listing
    • 45,470 miles
    • 2 accidents, 5 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 14 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Kelly Motorcars (24 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Hatfield, PA / 24 miles away from Philadelphia, PA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5YMKT6C5XJ0Y84368
    Stock: 4368
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-10-2024

  • New Listing
    • 49,144 miles
    • 1 accident, 5 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 14 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Kelly Motorcars (24 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Hatfield, PA / 24 miles away from Philadelphia, PA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5YMKT6C53J0Y83238
    Stock: 3238
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 10-06-2023

  • New Listing
    • 54,221 miles
    • 1 accident, 4 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 14 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana - New York City (86 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in New York City, NY / 86 miles away from Philadelphia, PA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5YMKT6C50G0R78896
    Stock: 2003876166
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-08-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 56,764 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 14 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from MS to PA*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Jackson, MS / 984 miles away from Philadelphia, PA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5YMKT6C54J0Y83832
    Stock: 26749747
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $64,981
    fair price
    $466 below market
    • 51,999 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats
    • Princeton BMW (33 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Hamilton Township, NJ / 33 miles away from Philadelphia, PA

    Heated Leather Seats, Nav System, Moonroof, All Wheel Drive, Panoramic Roof, Turbo Charged Engine, EXECUTIVE PACKAGE, DRIVING ASSISTANCE PROFESSIONAL ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5YMJU0C08M9H08304
    Stock: M9H08304
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-26-2025

    • 15,496 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats
    • BMW of Freeport (95 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Freeport, NY / 95 miles away from Philadelphia, PA

    Heated Leather Seats, Nav System, Moonroof, Power Liftgate, All Wheel Drive, Panoramic Roof, Turbo Charged Engine, IVORY WHITE/NIGHT BLUE, FULL MERINO...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5YMJU0C00M9E98202
    Stock: M9E98202T
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-30-2025

  • $26,498
    fair price
    $54 below market
    • 91,831 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 14 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • BMW of Towson (86 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Towson, MD / 86 miles away from Philadelphia, PA

    Panoramic RoofLeather SeatsNavigation SystemKeyless StartRear SpoilerDonington Gray MetallicBMW of Towson has a wide selection of exceptional ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5YMKT6C57F0C89147
    Stock: F0C89147
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-30-2025

  • New Listing
    $29,987
    good price
    $621 below market
    • 88,625 miles
    • 1 accident, 5 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 14 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • East Coast Auto Group (67 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Linden, NJ / 67 miles away from Philadelphia, PA

    Our great-looking 2017 BMW X5 M xDrive in Carbon Black Metallic is the pinnacle of performance, prestige, and precision! Powered by a TurboCharged 4.4...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5YMKT6C37H0X20682
    Stock: 9448
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-11-2025

  • $32,995
    fair price
    $543 below market
    • 73,288 miles
    • 1 accident, 3 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 14 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Haus of Lux (85 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Wayne, NJ / 85 miles away from Philadelphia, PA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5YMKT6C3XH0U39315
    Stock: U39315
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-11-2025

Showing 1 - 21 out of 85 listings

Consumer Reviews for the BMW X5 M

Read recent reviews for the BMW X5 M
Overall Consumer Rating
4.6 out of 5 stars20 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 20 reviews
  • 5 star
    (85%)
  • 4 star
    (0%)
  • 3 star
    (10%)
  • 2 star
    (0%)
  • 1 star
    (5%)
5 out of 5 stars

BMW X5M Fast and Comfy

J Smith, 10/22/2018
2015 BMW X5 M 4dr SUV AWD (4.4L 8cyl Turbo 8A)
Seriously a great ride w/ a lot of great gadgets! Acceleration is phenomenal, brakes are amazing and the I can't get enough of the look, inside and out. For a 2015 vehicle it has almost every single piece of tech you'd like and comes loaded up. Amazing on the road and haven't taken it off road and most likely never will. For the review above about taking a $100k vehicle off road, which … is mostly meant for a track is ridiculous. Yes, it is all wheel drive and capable of off road ability but who wants to take a X5M, hint the "M", off road? To each their own I guess, but that's why I have a Jeep Wrangler and there are many other better off road vehicles than an X5 especially an M series which is geared more toward a road/track. That would be like getting a Challenger Hellcat and taking it to a road course/track, where that vehicle is more suited for a straight away track, and complaining that it can't take the turns well and so on.
Report abuse

Used 2018 BMW X5 M in Philadelphia, PA Values

Estimated values
2018 BMW X5 M 4dr SUV AWD (4.4L 8cyl Turbo 8A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$33,809$37,101$39,813
Clean$32,986$36,177$38,799
Average$31,614$34,637$37,110
Rough$29,831$32,635$34,913

The average list price of a used 2018 BMW X5 M in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania is $42,610. The average mileage on a used BMW X5 M 2018 for sale in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania is 61,810. Based on the average mileage of 61,810 for used 2018 BMW X5 M for sale in Philadelphia, PA and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used BMW X5 M 2018 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to be $31,614.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius100 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.