Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
1,027 listings
  • $6,450
    great price
    $2,217 below market
    • 145,559 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 16 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • Woodbridge Public Auto Auction (55 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Woodbridge, VA / 55 miles away from Baltimore, MD

    KEY FEATURES AND OPTIONS Comes equipped with: Rear Air Conditioning, Bluetooth, Front Heated Seats. This Mazda CX-9 also includes Power Driver's Seat,...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM3TB3CV7F0462524
    Stock: 143518
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-24-2025

  • $14,972
    fair price
    $506 below market
    • 61,071 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 7 Seats
    • Panda Autos (42 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Vienna, VA / 42 miles away from Baltimore, MD

    Our 2015 Mazda CX-9 Grand Touring Sport is:Vehicle Runs Well, Smooth ride, All records in possession, Upgraded stereo, Regularly maintained, Lots of s...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM3TB2DV3F0463582
    Stock: K3582M
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $8,495
    fair price
    $74 below market
    • 127,937 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 16 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • Platinum Auto Sales of Arlington Virginia (38 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Third-row seating
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Arlington, VA / 38 miles away from Baltimore, MD

    Non-smoker owner, Vehicle Runs Well, Smooth ride, All records in possession, Regularly maintained, Lots of storage, Arctic cold a/c, No pets, Seats as...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM3TB3BV5F0462734
    Stock: 462734
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $9,599
    fair price
    $344 below market
    • 120,776 miles
    • 1 accident, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 16 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • Auto Spot (172 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Third-row seating
    Close

    Located in Wood-Ridge, NJ / 172 miles away from Baltimore, MD

    Price includes all costs to be paid by consumer, except for licensing costs, registration fees, retail package, title and taxes. Any monetary discount...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM3TB3CV6F0465947
    Stock: 465947-47
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 134,776 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 17 City / 24 Hwy MPG
    • Glen Burnie DriveTime (9 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Third-row seating
    Close

    Located in Glen Burnie, MD / 9 miles away from Baltimore, MD

    Shop at DriveTime: Get started on your personalized car-buying journey today. With no credit impact, you can get approved for your real, personalized ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM3TB2DA9F0469254
    Stock: 1630091952
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-28-2025

    • 113,729 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 16 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • Regnum Auto Motors (56 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Manassas, VA / 56 miles away from Baltimore, MD

    *2015 Mazda CX-9 Touring AWD for Sale in Manassas, VA | 3-Row SUV with Style, Space & Performance*The 2015 Mazda CX-9 Touring AWD is a bold, full-size...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM3TB3CV4F0463713
    Stock: 463713
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-30-2025

  • New Listing
    • 89,662 miles
    • Issue reported, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats
    • Koons Woodbridge Ford (58 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Woodbridge, VA / 58 miles away from Baltimore, MD

    Recent Arrival! 2015 Mazda CX-9 Grand Touring Crystal White Pearl Mica3.464 Axle Ratio, Bose Centerpoint w/10 speakers, Brake assist, Delay-off head...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Issue reported

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM3TB2DA5F0459370
    Stock: KWFS150034
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-14-2025

  • Price Drop
    $16,125
    great price
    $4,345 below market
    • 54,254 miles
    • 2 accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 21 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (143 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Old Bridge, NJ / 143 miles away from Baltimore, MD

    Low Mileage,Rare Find,3rd Row Seat,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Heated Seats,Keyless Start,Lane Keeping Assist,Leather Sea...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (21 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM3TCBDY4G0122894
    Stock: SM729969TA
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 193,539 miles
    • 2 accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 17 City / 24 Hwy MPG
    • 518 Auto Sales (166 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Third-row seating
    Close

    Located in Norfolk, VA / 166 miles away from Baltimore, MD

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM3TB2DA5F0462270
    Stock: 8556
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-28-2023

  • $9,995
    good price
    $1,574 below market
    • 152,873 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 21 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Car Stop Auto (79 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Colonial Beach, VA / 79 miles away from Baltimore, MD

    2016 MAZDA CX-9 GRAND TOURING with powerful 2.5L SKYACTIV-G 4-CYLINDER TURBO -INC 227 HP W/87 engine and driven only 152873 miles! CAR STOP AUTO OF CO...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (21 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM3TCBDY5G0103920
    Stock: CSA2741
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $14,999
    good price
    $1,284 below market
    • 107,828 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 21 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Faulkner Mazda Trevose (105 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Trevose, PA / 105 miles away from Baltimore, MD

    Clean CARFAX. Snowflake White Pearl Mica 2016 Mazda CX-9 Signature AWD 6-Speed Automatic 2.5L 4-Cylinder Just Inspected, AWD, 12 Speakers, 4-Wheel Dis...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (21 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM3TCBEY9G0105328
    Stock: G0105328
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-07-2025

  • $11,812
    fair price
    $504 below market
    • 109,135 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 16 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • Precise Automotive Group (55 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Chantilly, VA / 55 miles away from Baltimore, MD

    At Precise Automotive Group, We're making car buying easier and more convenient than ever! Enjoy FREE & FAST Shipping on all vehicles straight to your...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM3TB3DV9E0425276
    Stock: P5276
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-21-2025

  • Price Drop
    $14,495
    fair price
    $239 below market
    • 104,780 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 22 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Auto Motion (53 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Third-row seating
    Close

    Located in Chantilly, VA / 53 miles away from Baltimore, MD

    2016 MAZDA CX-9 FRONT WHEEL DRIVE with powerful 2.5L SKYACTIV-G 4-CYLINDER TURBO -INC 227 HP W/87 engine and driven only 104780 miles! FINANCING AVAIL...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM3TCACY3G0105063
    Stock: AMN4193
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $10,500
    fair price
    $527 below market
    • 135,711 miles
    • 1 accident, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 22 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • AutoNation Honda Dulles (48 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Third-row seating
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Sterling, VA / 48 miles away from Baltimore, MD

    The following items have been reconditioned on this vehicle: new brakes! 3rd Row SeatKeyless StartRear SpoilerDeep Crystal Blue MicaSand; Cloth...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM3TCABY3G0104027
    Stock: G0104027
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-09-2025

  • $22,998
    fair price
    $1,541 above market
    • 30,564 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 21 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax Green Brook (143 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Green Brook Township, NJ / 143 miles away from Baltimore, MD

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (21 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM3TCBCY4G0121729
    Stock: 26866628
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $12,499
    fair price
    $750 above market
    • 88,954 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats
    • Auto Spot (172 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Wood-Ridge, NJ / 172 miles away from Baltimore, MD

    Price includes all costs to be paid by consumer, except for licensing costs, registration fees, retail package, title and taxes. Any monetary discount...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM3TB2DA2E0441083
    Stock: 441083-83
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    • 91,148 miles
    • 2 accidents, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 21 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Volvo Cars Fredericksburg (83 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Third-row seating
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Fredericksburg, VA / 83 miles away from Baltimore, MD

    Backup Camera, Bluetooth, 2 Keys, Keyless Ignition, Push Button Start, 4D Sport Utility, AWD, 4-Wheel Disc Brakes, ABS brakes, Brake assist, Dual fron...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (21 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM3TCBBYXG0119405
    Stock: 95121W
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-26-2025

    • 93,921 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 16 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • Piazza Mazda of Reading (84 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Third-row seating
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Reading, PA / 84 miles away from Baltimore, MD

    JUST ARRIVED!!, VALUE PRICED!!, ALL WHEEL DRIVE!!, 2014 MAZDA CX-9 SPORT!!, 3.7L 6 CYLINDER ENGINE!!, 6 SPEED AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION!!, POWER WINDOWS!...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM3TB3BV1E0429776
    Stock: MP0860
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-01-2025

  • $7,950
    great price
    $3,161 below market
    • 118,652 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, rental vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 16 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • Online Used Cars (45 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Third-row seating
    Close

    Located in Sterling, VA / 45 miles away from Baltimore, MD

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM3TB3CA4F0458654
    Stock: 458654
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 76,660 miles
    • 1 accident, 3 owners, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 21 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana - Richmond (125 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Richmond, VA / 125 miles away from Baltimore, MD

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (21 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM3TCBCYXG0100920
    Stock: 2003696718
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-14-2025

    • 88,815 miles
    • Frame damage reported, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 21 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • 95 Motors (62 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Dumfries, VA / 62 miles away from Baltimore, MD

    It is the consumer's sole responsibility to verify the existence and condition of any equipment listed. 95 MOTORS is not responsible for misprints on ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Issue reported

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: Yes

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (21 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM3TCBEY7G0123665
    Stock: NTY1999
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

Showing 1 - 21 out of 1,027 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Mazda CX-9

Read recent reviews for the Mazda CX-9
Overall Consumer Rating
4.1 out of 5 stars38 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 38 reviews
  • 5 star
    (50%)
  • 4 star
    (29%)
  • 3 star
    (5%)
  • 2 star
    (8%)
  • 1 star
    (8%)
4.38 out of 5 stars

Built like a tank

jjwjr, 03/17/2015
2015 Mazda CX-9 Touring 4dr SUV (3.7L 6cyl 6A)
Before purchasing I tried a few other SUV's, none matched the handling characteristics of the Mazda. The vehicle feels planted on the highway during the worst weather conditions. At first the firm ride was a concern but it isn't meant to be a Town car. A firm ride is the trade off enabling the vehicle to perform more like a passenger car. No doubt you're aware of its size when behind … the wheel but it drives like a smaller vehicle.
Report abuse

Used 2015 Mazda CX-9 in Baltimore, MD Values

Estimated values
2015 Mazda CX-9 Touring 4dr SUV AWD (3.7L 6cyl 6A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$7,001$9,757$11,563
Clean$6,674$9,280$10,974
Average$6,130$8,486$9,991
Rough$5,421$7,453$8,714

The average list price of a used 2015 Mazda CX-9 in Baltimore, Maryland is $13,035. The average mileage on a used Mazda CX-9 2015 for sale in Baltimore, Maryland is 106,683. Based on the average mileage of 106,683 for used 2015 Mazda CX-9 for sale in Baltimore, MD and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Mazda CX-9 2015 in Baltimore, Maryland to be $6,130.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius200 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.