Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
38 listings
  • New Listing
    $9,995
    good price
    $1,519 below market
    • 132,017 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Top Quality Auto Sales (48 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Westport, MA / 48 miles away from Boston, MA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 4JGDF7CE2EA431470
    Stock: B17-1470
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-24-2025

  • Price Drop
    $13,990
    fair price
    $644 below market
    • 79,280 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Auto Direct (87 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Windsor Locks, CT / 87 miles away from Boston, MA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 4JGDF7CE6EA399378
    Stock: 399378
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-12-2025

  • $14,990
    fair price
    $26 below market
    • 79,477 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Newfield Auto Sales (97 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Middletown, CT / 97 miles away from Boston, MA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 4JGDF7CE8EA277301
    Stock: 277301
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-24-2025

  • $12,995
    fair price
    $273 above market
    • 97,962 miles
    • 1 accident, 4 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • New Park Avenue Auto (93 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Hartford, CT / 93 miles away from Boston, MA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 4JGDF7CE2EA377118
    Stock: 377118
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-04-2025

    • 117,350 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Royal Crest Motors (32 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Haverhill, MA / 32 miles away from Boston, MA

    Exclusive and beautiful we do finance

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 4JGDF7CE2EA325374
    Stock: 325374
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-31-2025

  • New Listing
    Photos not available
    • 134,997 miles
    • No accidents, 4 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 13 City / 17 Hwy MPG
    • Reliable Auto (48 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Manchester, NH / 48 miles away from Boston, MA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    14 Combined MPG (13 City/17 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 4JGDF7EE5EA330727
    Stock: 330727
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-01-2025

    • 79,821 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Miami, FL / 1,260 miles away from Boston, MA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 4JGDF7CEXEA343248
    Stock: 2003818149
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-13-2025

    • 157,940 miles
    • 1 accident, 3 owners, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 17 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • John's Auto Sales (2 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Somerville, MA / 2 miles away from Boston, MA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 4JGDF6EE4GA627369
    Stock: 627369
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $11,995
    good price
    $1,217 below market
    • 116,095 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 17 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • Janna Motors (85 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Windsor Locks, CT / 85 miles away from Boston, MA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 4JGDF6EE2FA514356
    Stock: 514356
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-12-2025

  • $7,999
    good price
    $845 below market
    • 185,918 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • TopGear Auto Sales (48 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in New Bedford, MA / 48 miles away from Boston, MA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 4JGDF7CE1DA133751
    Stock: 133751
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-29-2024

  • $12,997
    fair price
    $393 below market
    • 104,036 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 17 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • Alliance Motor Group (18 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Middleton, MA / 18 miles away from Boston, MA

    3.0L turbocharged V6 engine,7-speed automatic transmission,19-inch alloy wheels,Keyless entry,Keyless start,Navigation,HD radio,Sirius radio,iPod inte...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 4JGDF6EE9FA508568
    Stock: FA508568
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $12,323
    fair price
    $874 above market
    • 104,218 miles
    • No accidents, 4 owners, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Eastside Motoring (10 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Waltham, MA / 10 miles away from Boston, MA

    FREE!! 3 MONTHS / 3000 MILES FREE WARRANTY- WITH THE OPTION TO EXTEND TO 60 MONTHS OF COVERAGE! EXCEPTIONALLY CLEAN MERCEDES GL450 ; THE PERFECT BLACK...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 4JGDF7CE3DA206716
    Stock: 206716
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-05-2025

  • New Listing
    • 52,369 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 17 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Atlanta, GA / 935 miles away from Boston, MA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 4JGDF6EE2FA562861
    Stock: 2003819417
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-17-2025

    • 168,150 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 19 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • The Car Store (25 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Milford, MA / 25 miles away from Boston, MA

    Exceptional one owner Mercedes Benz GL350 Turbo Diesel All Wheel Drive. Always garaged, dealer maintained . Books and records. Cant be told from new. ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 4JGDF2EE5DA201422
    Stock: 201422
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 10-19-2024

  • New Listing
    • 75,132 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 17 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Third-row seating
    Close

    Located in Richmond, VA / 474 miles away from Boston, MA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 4JGDF6EE5FA486701
    Stock: 2003834496
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-04-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 62,871 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 17 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Memphis, TN / 1,128 miles away from Boston, MA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 4JGDF6EE1FA499316
    Stock: 2003883941
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-18-2025

  • New Listing
    • 75,747 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 17 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Memphis, TN / 1,128 miles away from Boston, MA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 4JGDF6EEXFA594215
    Stock: 2003912254
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-29-2025

    • 81,991 miles
    • 2 accidents, 3 owners, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 17 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • Northeast Auto Exchange (32 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Salem, NH / 32 miles away from Boston, MA

    2015 MERCEDES-BENZ GL450 SUV THIRD ROW SEATING - BEAUTIFUL MBZ - FULLY LOADED - LEATHER INTERIOR IN EXCELLENT CONDITION - ALL POWER OPTIONS - SUNROOF ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 4JGDF6EE9FA498043
    Stock: 498043
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-14-2024

    • 97,200 miles
    • 2 accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 13 City / 18 Hwy MPG
    • Metro West Motorcars (33 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Shrewsbury, MA / 33 miles away from Boston, MA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    15 Combined MPG (13 City/18 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 4JGDF7DE7FA566699
    Stock: 566699
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-15-2025

    • 111,439 miles
    • Issue reported, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 17 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • Vix Auto Sales (39 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Worcester, MA / 39 miles away from Boston, MA

    ????Easy finance ???? ?New credit, bad credit No credit , passaport or itin number ?30 days warranty on the motor and transmission. ?WE TAKE TRADE-INS...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Issue reported

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 4JGDF6EEXFA517800
    Stock: 517800
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-30-2025

  • New Listing
    • 79,305 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 13 City / 18 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in New York City, NY / 183 miles away from Boston, MA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    15 Combined MPG (13 City/18 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 4JGDF7DE4DA120636
    Stock: 2003777578
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-29-2025

Showing 1 - 21 out of 38 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Mercedes-Benz GL-Class

Read recent reviews for the Mercedes-Benz GL-Class
Overall Consumer Rating
3.9 out of 5 stars37 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 37 reviews
  • 5 star
    (57%)
  • 4 star
    (16%)
  • 3 star
    (8%)
  • 2 star
    (5%)
  • 1 star
    (14%)
5 out of 5 stars

2013 GL 450 Perfection

Douglas, 07/03/2016
2013 Mercedes-Benz GL-Class GL450 4MATIC 4dr SUV AWD (4.7L 8cyl Turbo 7A)
After months of research into the true SUV and Luxury class of truck based, non-crossover vehicles, the GL450 consistently rated high among the likes of the Audi Q7, Escalade, Land Cruiser, Range Rover and Lexus 570. Because of the company it kept regarding comparable SUV's in the Luxury Class, I selected the Mercedes Benz GL450 as the used vehicle to buy. I have no single regret. This … machine is as advertised in terms of its power, handling, comfort and high quality assembly of interior and exterior materials and design. I immediately took my "new" used Mercedes on a 3,000 mile road trip. The performance and reliability were flawless as the comfort and handling were as good as I have ever had. Ok, the highest quality SUV I've owned is a 2011 Nissan Murano so one could say "what does he know"? Right your are but because I've been driving since early 1960, I know what I like, know what is fake and the true meaning of quality, or "high" quality. This 2013 hit all the marks and I am impressed with its Sherman Tank domination of the road with more than adequate comfort and non-fatigue long haul driving experience. Love how the cruise control operates and can shift up/down in 1 MPH or 5 MPH increments. The immediate power available in the twin-turbo V8 is extremely satisfying. Gas mileage is not an area I gave too much concern to because of the weight and size of the GL450, it's not great for sure but it isn't as poor as many of the comparable vehicles mentioned above, so in that category I say the GL450 is decent. If I could have found one with all zone climate control and Panoramic Sunroof, those would be icing on the cake. I found one painted in Iridium Silver, performance Package 2 and with all the standard features this beauty is still amazing and priced mid $40,000 with 31,000 miles returned from lease. Best deal and best true SUV I've had ever. Highly, highly recommended.
Report abuse

Used 2014 Mercedes-Benz GL-Class in Boston, MA Values

Estimated values
2014 Mercedes-Benz GL-Class GL450 4MATIC 4dr SUV AWD (4.7L 8cyl Turbo 7A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$7,719$11,908$14,498
Clean$7,409$11,376$13,788
Average$6,892$10,490$12,604
Rough$6,220$9,338$11,065

The average list price of a used 2014 Mercedes-Benz GL-Class in Boston, Massachusetts is $16,105. The average mileage on a used Mercedes-Benz GL-Class 2014 for sale in Boston, Massachusetts is 104,444. Based on the average mileage of 104,444 for used 2014 Mercedes-Benz GL-Class for sale in Boston, MA and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Mercedes-Benz GL-Class 2014 in Boston, Massachusetts to be $6,892.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius100 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.