Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
1,860 listings
  • New Listing
    • 113,701 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 24 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from OH to IL*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Trip Computer
    Close

    Located in Cincinnati, OH / 255 miles away from Naperville, IL

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (24 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM3KFABL6H0105746
    Stock: 27438758
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 95,175 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 24 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from CA to IL*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Trip Computer
    Close

    Located in Buena Park, CA / 1,705 miles away from Naperville, IL

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (24 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM3KFABL9H0154813
    Stock: 27593172
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $15,998
    fair price
    $593 above market
    • 96,740 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from CT to IL*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Hartford, CT / 800 miles away from Naperville, IL

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (23 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM3KFBBL0H0103688
    Stock: 27239517
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    • 79,479 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 24 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Tampa, FL / 1,004 miles away from Naperville, IL

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (24 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM3KFACL1H0176562
    Stock: 2003797004
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-06-2025

    • 84,666 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Cleveland, OH / 336 miles away from Naperville, IL

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (23 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM3KFBBL6H0107762
    Stock: 2003766815
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-30-2025

  • New Listing
    • 91,393 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from KS to IL*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Wichita, KS / 554 miles away from Naperville, IL

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (23 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM3KFBCL5H0215191
    Stock: 27376945
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 98,586 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from MD to IL*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in White Marsh, MD / 637 miles away from Naperville, IL

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (23 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM3KFBDLXH0223740
    Stock: 25863327
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 74,907 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Richmond, VA / 628 miles away from Naperville, IL

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (23 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM3KFBDL9H0175891
    Stock: 2003782462
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-06-2025

  • New Listing
    • 80,678 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from MD to IL*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Salisbury, MD / 705 miles away from Naperville, IL

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (23 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM3KFBDL0H0201858
    Stock: 27096109
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 38,606 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 25 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax Kenosha (60 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Kenosha, WI / 60 miles away from Naperville, IL

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (25 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM3KFACMXK1526555
    Stock: 26510183
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 69,446 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • Car Planet (31 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Chicago Heights, IL / 31 miles away from Naperville, IL

    Visit Car Planet online at gocarplanet.com to see more pictures of this vehicle or call us at 7**-2**-0*** today to schedule your test drive.

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (23 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM3KFBDL8H0137858
    Stock: CQ388
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 01-05-2025

  • $13,899
    great price
    $1,398 below market
    • 126,219 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 24 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • Off Lease Cars (14 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Carol Stream, IL / 14 miles away from Naperville, IL

    Visit Off Lease Cars Inc to shop our great deals. You can contact us or call 7**-9**-2*** to schedule your test drive today.

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (24 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM3KFBDM3J0351297
    Stock: 51297
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-28-2025

  • New Listing
    $19,900
    great price
    $1,962 below market
    • 53,542 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 24 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • McGrath Volvo Cars Barrington (31 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Barrington, IL / 31 miles away from Naperville, IL

    CARFAX One-Owner. Clean CARFAX. Odometer is 34396 miles below market average!2018 Mazda CX-5 Grand Touring SKYACTIV 2.5L 4-Cylinder DOHC 16V Soul Re...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (24 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM3KFBDM7J0333188
    Stock: LPV2255A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-17-2025

  • Price Drop
    $14,499
    fair price
    $944 below market
    • 91,726 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 25 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Fresno, CA / 1,712 miles away from Naperville, IL

    High Demand,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Keyless Start,4 Cylinder Engine,4-Wheel Disc Brakes,6-Speed A/T,A/C,ABS,Adjustabl...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (25 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM3KFABM8J1421495
    Stock: J1421495PX
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $16,500
    good price
    $1,515 below market
    • 91,392 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 24 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • Nelson Automotive (29 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Mt Prospect, IL / 29 miles away from Naperville, IL

    Our One Owner 2018 Mazda CX-5 Touring AWD takes center stage in Deep Crystal Blue Mica! Powered by a 2.5 Liter 4 Cylinder that generates 187hp connect...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (24 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM3KFBCM1J0300429
    Stock: 300429
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-18-2025

  • Price Drop
    $18,990
    good price
    $1,796 below market
    • 56,524 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 25 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • McGrath Acura of Libertyville (40 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Libertyville, IL / 40 miles away from Naperville, IL

    ** Sleek, Sporty, and Surprisingly Refined 2018 Mazda CX-5 in Machine Gray Metallic! **Turn heads while enjoying premium comfort, dynamic performance,...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (25 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM3KFACM8J0316167
    Stock: 316167
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-30-2025

  • $19,998
    good price
    $1,289 below market
    • 50,370 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 24 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • Gulliver USA (28 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Arlington Heights, IL / 28 miles away from Naperville, IL

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (24 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM3KFBCM5J0434134
    Stock: 6083
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-17-2025

  • $21,299
    fair price
    $917 below market
    • 24,563 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 25 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • Janesville Nissan (81 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Janesville, WI / 81 miles away from Naperville, IL

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (25 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM3KFACM5J0405081
    Stock: NI8943A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-11-2025

    • 94,956 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 24 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Grapevine, TX / 776 miles away from Naperville, IL

    CarFax 1-Owner,High Demand,Rare Find,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Heated Seats,Keyless Start,Lane Keeping Assist,Navigatio...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (24 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM3KFBCM8J0445421
    Stock: J0445421DW
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $21,450
    good price
    $1,154 below market
    • 33,997 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 24 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • Gregory Hyundai (37 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Highland Park, IL / 37 miles away from Naperville, IL

    CARFAX One-Owner. 2018 Mazda CX-5 TouringPlease Call 8**-8**-5*** For More Details And Availability.Discover The One & Only Way To Buy Your Next Vehic...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (24 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM3KFBCM6J0463870
    Stock: U23875
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-18-2025

  • Price Drop
    $16,715
    fair price
    $172 below market
    • 103,708 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 24 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • The Honda Superstore of Joliet (9 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Joliet, IL / 9 miles away from Naperville, IL

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (24 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM3KFBDM3J0328764
    Stock: J51343B
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-25-2025

Showing 358 - 378 out of 1,860 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Mazda CX-5

Read recent reviews for the Mazda CX-5
Overall Consumer Rating
4.4 out of 5 stars105 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 105 reviews
  • 5 star
    (64%)
  • 4 star
    (23%)
  • 3 star
    (8%)
  • 2 star
    (6%)
  • 1 star
    (0%)
5 out of 5 stars

Great Vehicle

jlsfla, 05/05/2012
2013 Mazda CX-5 Sport 4dr SUV (2.0L 4cyl 6A)
Posted week ago in Forum when purchased. After 1 week am in love. Great interior, seats extremely comfortable, handling feels very positive. Everything within easy reach. Sound system very good. Haven't checked gas mileage yet but seems good. Has that "heavy feel" in the front end making you feel more in touch with the road while driving. Enough power when merging into traffic. Quiet … inside though there is some road noise which seems to come from the tires. All in all compared to the Honda CRV and Toyota Rav 4 it wins hands down. Road trip coming up in a month or so so will get a real feel then. Great vehicle to consider.
Report abuse

Used 2017 Mazda CX-5 in Naperville, IL Values

Estimated values
2017 Mazda CX-5 Sport 4dr SUV (2.5L 4cyl 6A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$11,174$15,152$18,202
Clean$10,675$14,451$17,328
Average$9,843$13,281$15,873
Rough$8,762$11,760$13,981

The average list price of a used 2017 Mazda CX-5 in Naperville, Illinois is $18,023. The average mileage on a used Mazda CX-5 2017 for sale in Naperville, Illinois is 78,589. Based on the average mileage of 78,589 for used 2017 Mazda CX-5 for sale in Naperville, IL and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Mazda CX-5 2017 in Naperville, Illinois to be $9,843.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius100 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.