Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
85 listings
  • Price Drop
    $10,887
    good price
    $718 below market
    • 83,732 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 19 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Johnson Volvo Cars Charlotte (378 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Charlotte, NC / 378 miles away from Dayton, OH

    CARFAX One-Owner. Black Stone 2013 Volvo S80 3.2 FWDPREMIER PLUS, Blond w/Dynamic Sport Leather Seating Surfaces, Auto-dimming Rear-View mirror, BLI...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (19 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: YV1952AS4D1165578
    Stock: VC6745A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-09-2025

  • New Listing
    $3,450
    good price
    $269 below market
    • 179,712 miles
    • 18 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Woodbridge Public Auto Auction (382 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Woodbridge, VA / 382 miles away from Dayton, OH

    KEY FEATURES AND OPTIONS Comes equipped with: Air Conditioning, Rear Air Conditioning, Sunroof, MP3, Bluetooth. This Volvo S80 also includes Power Dri...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: YV1902AH5B1139460
    Stock: 144699
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-31-2025

    • 152,613 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 18 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Great Lakes Hyundai of Dublin (62 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Columbus, OH / 62 miles away from Dayton, OH

    MOONROOF, AWD, LEATHER. 2013 Volvo S80 T6 Savile Gray Metallic AWD 6-Speed Automatic with Geartronic 3.0L I6 T6Great Lakes Hyundai of Dublin, former...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: YV1902AH1D1166156
    Stock: B25D120B
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-25-2025

  • $8,495
    great price
    $1,347 below market
    • 99,835 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 18 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Prime Time Motors (411 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Marietta, GA / 411 miles away from Dayton, OH

    ** VISIT US @ 425 Cobb Pkwy N, Marietta, GA, 30062 ** ONLINE FINANCING** eDOC SIGNING ** ** ALL CREDITS WELCOME ** APPLY TODAY** ** DOWN PAYMENTS STAR...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: YV1902AH6C1158696
    Stock: 158696
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-05-2025

  • New Listing
    $2,950
    good price
    $597 below market
    • 224,604 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 18 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Woodbridge Public Auto Auction (382 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Woodbridge, VA / 382 miles away from Dayton, OH

    LOADED WITH VALUE! Comes equipped with: Air Conditioning, Rear Air Conditioning, MP3, Bluetooth. This Volvo S80 also includes Power Driver's Seat, Cli...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: YV1960AS0A1131232
    Stock: 144667
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-29-2025

  • $9,772
    fair price
    $69 above market
    • 102,793 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 18 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Champion Chrysler Jeep Dodge Ram (198 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Lansing, MI / 198 miles away from Dayton, OH

    Located At Champion Hargreaves Chevrolet in Royal Oak, MI And Available At All 7 Champion Auto Group Locations! Questions Or To Confirm Availability C...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: YV1902AH3C1160177
    Stock: T53569A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-25-2025

    • 61,118 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 18 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax Birmingham (474 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Hoover, AL / 474 miles away from Dayton, OH

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: YV1902AH8E1179391
    Stock: 27290818
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 140,127 miles
    • 1 accident, 3 owners, personal use
    • 16 City / 24 Hwy MPG
    • Woodbridge Public Auto Auction (382 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Woodbridge, VA / 382 miles away from Dayton, OH

    KEY FEATURES AND OPTIONS Comes equipped with: Air Conditioning, Rear Air Conditioning, Sunroof, MP3, Bluetooth. This Volvo S80 also includes Power Dri...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: YV1992AH2A1114181
    Stock: 144683
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-30-2025

    • 107,598 miles
    • Insurance loss reported, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 20 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • Joy Rydez (461 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Goldsboro, NC / 461 miles away from Dayton, OH

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Issue reported

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (20 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: YV1940AS5C1162453
    Stock: 162453
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-16-2025

  • $10,199
    great price
    $1,504 below market
    • 80,379 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 18 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Atlanta Cars (398 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Alpharetta, GA / 398 miles away from Dayton, OH

    Atlanta Cars Atlanta Cars 6075 Atlanta Highway Alpharetta , GA 30*** 6**-5**-3000 2013 Volvo S80 T6 AWD Black Stone | 1-Owner | Dealer Serviced | Acci...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: YV1902AH3D1166644
    Stock: 166644
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-27-2025

  • $6,999
    great price
    $711 below market
    • 132,150 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 19 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • American Auto Mall (379 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Fredericksburg, VA / 379 miles away from Dayton, OH

    Address: American Auto Mall, 249 Chatham Heights, Rd, Fredericksburg, VA 22405 ----------CALL NOW at 5**-3**-3*** or TEXT at 7**-9**-0*** for any ques...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (19 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: YV1952AS5D1172314
    Stock: 172314
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 10-12-2024

  • $5,999
    good price
    $638 below market
    • 132,559 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, rental vehicle
    • 19 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • GA Auto Deals (397 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Buford, GA / 397 miles away from Dayton, OH

    GEORGIA AUTO DEALER LLC 6**-8**-6*** 5701 Holiday Rd. Buford, GA 30518 Read More

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: YV1940AS3B1148923
    Stock: 148923
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-05-2025

  • $9,490
    good price
    $647 below market
    • 100,975 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 18 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Chicago Auto Capital (259 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Elgin, IL / 259 miles away from Dayton, OH

    Vehicle Overview 2013 VOLVO S80 T6 SEDAN EMBER BLACK METALLIC WITH SOFT BEIGE LEATHER INTERIOR 3.0L I6 ENGINE AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION ALL WHEEL DRIVE *...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: YV1902AH5D1171019
    Stock: 171019
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-24-2025

  • $8,500
    fair price
    $467 below market
    • 85,385 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 19 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Premium Auto Sales (253 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Palatine, IL / 253 miles away from Dayton, OH

    Welcome to Premium Auto Sales Inc. where transparency, trust, and value come standard.We re honored you re considering us for your next vehicle. At Pr...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: YV1952ASXB1148121
    Stock: 6586
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 01-17-2025

  • $8,995
    fair price
    $237 below market
    • 108,388 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 18 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Best Deal! Auto Sales (98 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Fort Wayne, IN / 98 miles away from Dayton, OH

    Sophisticated and refined, this 2013 Volvo S80 T6 AWD Sedan delivers performance, luxury, and safety in one elegant package. Powered by a turbocharged...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: YV1902AH5D1165396
    Stock: V165396
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-07-2025

  • $4,995
    good price
    $415 below market
    • 160,516 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 19 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Cortez Auto Sales (411 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Marietta, GA / 411 miles away from Dayton, OH

    Cup slider is jammed everything else in good condition

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: YV1952AS3B1141429
    Stock: 141429
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-12-2025

  • $15,990
    fair price
    $214 below market
    • 81,987 miles
    • No accidents, 4 owners, personal use
    • 19 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • NextGear Motors (416 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Raleigh, NC / 416 miles away from Dayton, OH

    Visit NextGear Motors online at WWW.NEXTGEARMOTORS.COM to see more pictures of this vehicle and a free Auto-check report. Easy Financing available! Ap...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: YV1902MD0F1183395
    Stock: 15803B055
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-21-2025

  • $7,995
    fair price
    $58 below market
    • 100,293 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 19 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Coast to Coast Auto (PA) (457 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in West Chester, PA / 457 miles away from Dayton, OH

    LOW MILES**SERVICED and PA Inspected**EXCELLENT Condition 2011 S80 3.2L I6 230hp 221lbs.ft of Torque 6-Speed Automatic PZEV. Features include a Rearvi...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: YV1940ASXB1138888
    Stock: R138888
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-21-2025

  • $14,700
    fair price
    $285 above market
    • 36,772 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 19 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • VIP Auto (378 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Fredericksburg, VA / 378 miles away from Dayton, OH

    Vehicle Overview You are viewing a 2013 VOLVO S80 / 36772 MILES / AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION / PREMIUM PLUS PACKAGE / CLIMATE PACKAGE / PARK DISTANCE CONT...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (19 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: YV1940AS5D1165225
    Stock: 4773
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-20-2025

  • $13,995
    fair price
    $930 above market
    • 69,334 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 18 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • European Autohaus (222 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Holland, MI / 222 miles away from Dayton, OH

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: YV1902AH7D1169644
    Stock: 169644
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-24-2025

  • $6,995
    fair price
    $355 above market
    • 134,797 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 19 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Silver State Imports (326 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Mills River, NC / 326 miles away from Dayton, OH

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: YV1952AS3B1148123
    Stock: RY1148123
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-17-2025

Showing 1 - 21 out of 85 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Volvo S80

Read recent reviews for the Volvo S80
Overall Consumer Rating
4.7 out of 5 stars38 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 38 reviews
  • 5 star
    (87%)
  • 4 star
    (8%)
  • 3 star
    (5%)
  • 2 star
    (0%)
  • 1 star
    (0%)
4.63 out of 5 stars

Comfortable, Safe Cruiser

MrSmith, 10/09/2010
2011 Volvo S80 T6 4dr Sedan AWD (3.0L 6cyl Turbo 6A)
The S80 is best cruising on the highway. It is not a nimble car. The exterior design is traditional Volvo. T6 performance is more than adequate. Fuel Economy is fine. The interior design and quality is better than US/Japan, but not quite up to Mercedes/Audi standards. This car is 90% Mercedes at 80% of the price. The technology and safety offerings are stunning and they work very … well. I recommend this car to anyone looking for understated luxury and high quality.
Report abuse

Used 2013 Volvo S80 in Dayton, OH Values

Estimated values
2013 Volvo S80 3.2 4dr Sedan (3.2L 6cyl 6A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$4,396$5,800$6,612
Clean$4,189$5,502$6,244
Average$3,844$5,005$5,630
Rough$3,395$4,358$4,832

The average list price of a used 2013 Volvo S80 in Dayton, Ohio is $8,872. The average mileage on a used Volvo S80 2013 for sale in Dayton, Ohio is 113,127. Based on the average mileage of 113,127 for used 2013 Volvo S80 for sale in Dayton, OH and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Volvo S80 2013 in Dayton, Ohio to be $3,844.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Location

Search radius500 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.