Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
94 listings
  • $8,000
    good price
    $1,499 below market
    • 138,520 miles
    • 2 accidents, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 43 City / 40 Hwy MPG
    • Midlands Toyota (320 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Multi-Zone Climate C...
    Close

    Located in Columbia, SC / 320 miles away from Gainesville, FL

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    42 Combined MPG (43 City/40 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTHKD5BH8C2067322
    Stock: WC2067322
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-23-2025

  • $11,995
    good price
    $1,470 below market
    • 94,923 miles
    • No accidents, 4 owners, personal use
    • 43 City / 40 Hwy MPG
    • Driver's Mart (94 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Winter Park, FL / 94 miles away from Gainesville, FL

    This 2013 Lexus CT 200h Hybrid, has a Silver Lining Metallic exterior and an Black interior color. 94,923 miles. Stock Number D2169164. You ca...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    42 Combined MPG (43 City/40 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTHKD5BH9D2169164
    Stock: D2169164
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-22-2025

  • $8,999
    great price
    $1,527 below market
    • 124,658 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 43 City / 40 Hwy MPG
    • United Automotive (347 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Conway, SC / 347 miles away from Gainesville, FL

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    42 Combined MPG (43 City/40 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTHKD5BH9B2008259
    Stock: A528259
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $14,995
    fair price
    $640 above market
    • 78,857 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 43 City / 40 Hwy MPG
    • DriveTime of Greenville (357 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Greenville, SC / 357 miles away from Gainesville, FL

    Shop at DriveTime: Get started on your personalized car-buying journey today. With no credit impact, you can get approved for your real, personalized ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    42 Combined MPG (43 City/40 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTHKD5BH5D2159795
    Stock: 1190215379
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-30-2025

  • $10,875
    good price
    $809 below market
    • 107,662 miles
    • No accidents, 4 owners, personal use only
    • 43 City / 40 Hwy MPG
    • Birmingham Auto Auction (379 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Hueytown, AL / 379 miles away from Gainesville, FL

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    42 Combined MPG (43 City/40 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTHKD5BH7B2028915
    Stock: 19979
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $14,988
    fair price
    $696 above market
    • 83,800 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 43 City / 40 Hwy MPG
    • Winter Park Auto Exchange Inc (98 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Orlando, FL / 98 miles away from Gainesville, FL

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    42 Combined MPG (43 City/40 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTHKD5BH1D2147742
    Stock: 147742
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $10,400
    great price
    $2,804 below market
    • 121,961 miles
    • 2 accidents, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 43 City / 40 Hwy MPG
    • Supreme Raleigh (479 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Raleigh, NC / 479 miles away from Gainesville, FL

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    42 Combined MPG (43 City/40 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTHKD5BH2E2177513
    Stock: 177513
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-30-2025

  • New Listing
    Stock photo**
    $7,856
    great price
    $2,332 below market
    • 152,109 miles
    • 43 City / 40 Hwy MPG
    • Honda of Sarasota (166 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Multi-Zone Climate C...
    Close

    Located in Sarasota, FL / 166 miles away from Gainesville, FL

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    42 Combined MPG (43 City/40 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTHKD5BH2C2080342
    Stock: U092362A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-01-2025

    • 140,723 miles
    • 1 accident, 4 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 43 City / 40 Hwy MPG
    • A & H Auto Sales (355 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Multi-Zone Climate C...
    Close

    Located in Greenville, SC / 355 miles away from Gainesville, FL

    The 2012 Lexus CT 200h Base is a stylish and fuel-efficient hatchback with a smooth ride and plenty of luxury features. With 140k miles on the clock, ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    42 Combined MPG (43 City/40 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTHKD5BH9C2111425
    Stock: 111425
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-26-2025

  • $8,500
    fair price
    $446 below market
    • 158,363 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use
    • 43 City / 40 Hwy MPG
    • MOTOR MILE MOTORS (465 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Multi-Zone Climate C...
    Close

    Located in Johnson City, TN / 465 miles away from Gainesville, FL

    This sleek, sophisticated 2012 Lexus CT 200h is like a wolf in sheep's clothing - with its unassuming gray exterior, it's easy to underestimate the po...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    42 Combined MPG (43 City/40 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTHKD5BH6C2060711
    Stock: M3068
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 12-13-2024

  • $7,825
    good price
    $790 below market
    • 189,404 miles
    • 2 accidents, 4 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 43 City / 40 Hwy MPG
    • Choice Auto Brokers (277 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Fort Lauderdale, FL / 277 miles away from Gainesville, FL

    Vehicle Overview 2012 Lexus CT200h Premium - Luxury, Performance & Fuel Efficiency in One Magnificent Package! Prepare to indulge in luxury like never...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    42 Combined MPG (43 City/40 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTHKD5BH6C2114301
    Stock: 114301
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 12-26-2024

  • $11,500
    fair price
    $702 below market
    • 100,580 miles
    • 2 accidents, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 43 City / 40 Hwy MPG
    • BWK of Columbia (311 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Columbia, SC / 311 miles away from Gainesville, FL

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    42 Combined MPG (43 City/40 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTHKD5BH0C2104525
    Stock: 2617
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-09-2025

  • $9,895
    fair price
    $253 above market
    • 154,582 miles
    • No accidents, 4 owners, personal use
    • 43 City / 40 Hwy MPG
    • Detroit Cars and Trucks (98 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Orlando, FL / 98 miles away from Gainesville, FL

    Are you looking a great Sport hybrid vehicle? Stop dream and start drive with us! Come to see this beautiful 2012 Lexus CT 200h , Extra clean conditio...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    42 Combined MPG (43 City/40 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTHKD5BH1C2105361
    Stock: 105361
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-13-2025

  • New Listing
    $9,960
    fair price
    $166 below market
    • 116,017 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 43 City / 40 Hwy MPG
    • Rock Hill Buick GMC (374 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Multi-Zone Climate C...
    Close

    Located in Rock Hill, SC / 374 miles away from Gainesville, FL

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    42 Combined MPG (43 City/40 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTHKD5BH6C2069554
    Stock: 335784B
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-25-2025

    • 92,287 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 43 City / 40 Hwy MPG
    • Greenville Chrysler Dodge Jeep Ram (298 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Greenville, AL / 298 miles away from Gainesville, FL

    SummaryThis 2012 Lexus CT 200h with 92,287 miles comes with our Guaranteed Lifetime Powertrain Warranty at NO additional Cost. Unlimited Miles - No Ma...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    42 Combined MPG (43 City/40 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTHKD5BH3C2072962
    Stock: J0131A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-07-2024

  • New Listing
    • 74,429 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Keyless Entry
    • Bluetooth Wireless
    • Power Seat
    • Stability Control
    • Tilt & Telescoping W...
    Close

    Located in Sacramento, CA / 2,301 miles away from Gainesville, FL

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTHKD5BH6C2121734
    Stock: 2004002399
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-26-2025

  • $12,899
    good price
    $1,416 below market
    • 104,771 miles
    • 2 accidents, 5 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 43 City / 40 Hwy MPG
    • M&J Auto Sales and Service (64 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Jacksonville, FL / 64 miles away from Gainesville, FL

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    42 Combined MPG (43 City/40 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTHKD5BH9E2180201
    Stock: 2180201
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 83,893 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use
    • 43 City / 40 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Bluetooth
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Multi-Zone Climate C...
    Close

    Located in Oxnard, CA / 2,172 miles away from Gainesville, FL

    Low Mileage,Green Vehicle,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Keyless Start,Satellite Radio,Power Door Locks,Satellite Radio,Brake Assist,Floor Mats,Front Wheel Dr...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    42 Combined MPG (43 City/40 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTHKD5BH5C2091528
    Stock: C2091528A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 243,545 miles
    • Frame damage reported, 9 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 43 City / 40 Hwy MPG
    • DCG Motors (280 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Multi-Zone Climate C...
    Close

    Located in Davie, FL / 280 miles away from Gainesville, FL

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Issue reported

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: Yes

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    42 Combined MPG (43 City/40 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTHKD5BHXC2065488
    Stock: 2769
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-18-2025

  • $7,500
    great price
    $1,994 below market
    • 156,967 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 43 City / 40 Hwy MPG
    • Stonegate Auto Sales (173 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Cleveland, GA / 173 miles away from Gainesville, FL

    2013 Lexus CT 200h hybrid Hatchback, Burgundy with Black Leather, 1.8L I4 Automatic Hybrid Drive, Power Windows/Locks, Tilt, Cruise, AM/FM/CD Stereo, ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    42 Combined MPG (43 City/40 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTHKD5BH8D2123924
    Stock: 123924
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-20-2024

    • 130,105 miles
    • 1 accident, 3 owners, personal use
    • 43 City / 40 Hwy MPG
    • Pete Moore Mitsubishi (301 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Multi-Zone Climate C...
    Close

    Located in Pensacola, FL / 301 miles away from Gainesville, FL

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    42 Combined MPG (43 City/40 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTHKD5BH4C2094033
    Stock: I141126A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-29-2025

Showing 1 - 21 out of 94 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Lexus CT 200h

Read recent reviews for the Lexus CT 200h
Overall Consumer Rating
4.4 out of 5 stars43 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 43 reviews
  • 5 star
    (67%)
  • 4 star
    (23%)
  • 3 star
    (5%)
  • 2 star
    (5%)
  • 1 star
    (0%)
5 out of 5 stars

A white collar prius

Seth Stewart, 08/25/2017
2012 Lexus CT 200h 4dr Hatchback (1.8L 4cyl gas/electric hybrid CVT)
I bought this car as a second owner with a very deep discount. It had 30,000 miles on it and was in excellent condition. I have the 2012 f sport. I chose it because I did my research. A large portion of taxi cab drivers in New York City drive the Toyota Prius. They can take a beating and are very reliable. They also get incredible gas mileage. But in my own opinion the prius is very … ugly. Then steps in the Lexus ct200h; the prius's cousin that won prom king and took home the best looking girl on the cheer leading team. Don't get me wrong, there are some definite trade offs between the two. You have the same power train and reliability. You don't get the same gas mileage but it is still darn good. The acceleration isn't that good. But I can drive out windy country roads going 70mph driving with my pinky finger. It stays flat in turns with no body roll. The suspension is very stiff and sporty but comes with a draw back NEVER HIT POT HOLES. It will literally rattle your fillings out. You can feel every single nick, crack, chip, whatever i the road. It is the equivalent of wearing those silly shoes with the individual toes. My wife hates this and I love it. Oh I bought this car when I was single and didn't have any kids. I wouldn't recommend this for people who are planning on having kids. It is possible but car seats are very difficult to fit. I mean you cannot be a tall person and fit a childs car seat in the rear facing position. I like it because of the handling, the economy, the comfort, the reliability, the looks, and the ease of driving. It is stupid easy to operate, just don't curb those f sport rims. Oh and change your fluids like you care about you car. I changed the transmission fluid the instant I got the car. There is this misconception that people don't need to change their transmission fluid EVER. That advice is only for KIA drivers. Everybody acts like this car can't drive on the interstate. Don't listen to them. I've gone across the country with the car full of adults. Just take it out of ECO mode so the car can breath a little. As far as space goes, my wife does caterings and uses my car, she lays the seats down and can do caterings for a 100 people or so. If acceleration is a big deal breaker go buy a Tesla. If you can't afford it do what I did.
Report abuse

Used 2012 Lexus CT 200h in Gainesville, FL Values

Estimated values
2012 Lexus CT 200h 4dr Hatchback (1.8L 4cyl gas/electric hybrid CVT) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$5,190$7,386$8,660
Clean$4,927$6,973$8,132
Average$4,489$6,284$7,251
Rough$3,919$5,390$6,107

The average list price of a used 2012 Lexus CT 200h in Gainesville, Florida is $10,770. The average mileage on a used Lexus CT 200h 2012 for sale in Gainesville, Florida is 126,103. Based on the average mileage of 126,103 for used 2012 Lexus CT 200h for sale in Gainesville, FL and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Lexus CT 200h 2012 in Gainesville, Florida to be $4,489.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius500 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.