Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
631 listings
    • 27,130 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use
    • 6 Seats, 20 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from VA to TX*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Sterling, VA / 1,493 miles away from McAllen, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (20 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM3TCBDY6P0630526
    Stock: 27409010
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $24,998
    good price
    $621 below market
    • 32,520 miles
    • 3 accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 20 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from FL to TX*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Third-row seating
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Clermont, FL / 1,028 miles away from McAllen, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (20 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM3TCBBY4N0603566
    Stock: 27092252
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 47,332 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 20 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Stanley Ford Sweetwater (451 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Sweetwater, TX / 451 miles away from McAllen, TX

    SUMMARYClean Carfax! One Owner! 2.5L SKYACTIV-G 4-CYLINDER TURBO ENGINE, LEATHER SEATS EQUIPMENTSafety and Security The vehicle is equipped with a sys...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (20 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM3TCBAYXP0659953
    Stock: 0659953A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-11-2025

  • Selling or trading in?

    Know what your car is worth while you shop for your next vehicle.

    See my car’s value
    • 65,795 miles
    • 2 accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 20 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Honda Cars of McKinney (492 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in McKinney, TX / 492 miles away from McAllen, TX

    CX-9 Touring trim. Heated Leather Seats, Moonroof, Third Row Seat, Back-Up Camera, Rear Air, Power Liftgate, Aluminum Wheels, Turbo Charged Engine, TO...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (20 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM3TCBCY0M0519774
    Stock: P00167A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 12-04-2024

  • New Listing
    $30,998
    fair price
    $398 above market
    • 27,099 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 20 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from MA to TX*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Westborough, MA / 1,870 miles away from McAllen, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (20 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM3TCBDY1N0610732
    Stock: 27170775
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $25,998
    fair price
    $492 above market
    • 34,058 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 20 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from MA to TX*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Third-row seating
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Norwood, MA / 1,886 miles away from McAllen, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (20 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM3TCBBY9N0604731
    Stock: 27031161
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $29,998
    fair price
    $76 below market
    • 32,182 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use
    • 6 Seats, 20 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from NY to TX*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in East Meadow, NY / 1,730 miles away from McAllen, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (20 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM3TCBDY0N0617770
    Stock: 27171448
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 31,472 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 6 Seats, 20 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from UT to TX*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in South Jordan, UT / 1,263 miles away from McAllen, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (20 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM3TCBDY5P0632817
    Stock: 27491619
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Stock photo**
    • 61,549 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 6 Seats, 20 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Palestine Toyota (413 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Palestine, TX / 413 miles away from McAllen, TX

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (20 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM3TCBCY6P0658375
    Stock: P4468
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-28-2025

    • 77,665 miles
    • 2 accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 6 Seats, 20 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Urbandale, IA / 1,096 miles away from McAllen, TX

    3rd Row Seat,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Hands-Free Liftgate,Heated Seats,Heated Steering Wheel,Keyless Sta...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (20 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM3TCBDY5M0522054
    Stock: M0522054ST
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $24,998
    fair price
    $636 above market
    • 57,419 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use
    • 6 Seats, 20 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from MA to TX*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Norwood, MA / 1,886 miles away from McAllen, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (20 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM3TCBCY6M0526177
    Stock: 27170779
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Stock photo**
    • 56,182 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 6 Seats, 20 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Gullo Mazda of Conroe (329 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Conroe, TX / 329 miles away from McAllen, TX

    Recent Arrival! CARFAX One-Owner. Clean CARFAX.This 2022 Mazda CX-9 Touring Plus in Machine Gray Metallic comes with the following features: 2.5L 4-Cy...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (20 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM3TCBAY8N0607704
    Stock: M2668
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-11-2025

    • 34,357 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use
    • 6 Seats, 20 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from CA to TX*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Ontario, CA / 1,274 miles away from McAllen, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (20 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM3TCBDY4P0631397
    Stock: 27512466
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 37,433 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, rental vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 20 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Richmond, VA / 1,440 miles away from McAllen, TX

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (20 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM3TCBDYXP0646731
    Stock: 2003768297
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-12-2025

  • New Listing
    • 70,077 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 6 Seats, 22 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from NC to TX*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Charlotte, NC / 1,207 miles away from McAllen, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (22 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM3TCADY0M0527642
    Stock: 27446387
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 48,118 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 20 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from CA to TX*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Colma, CA / 1,619 miles away from McAllen, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (20 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM3TCBDY1M0508443
    Stock: 26492115
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 49,118 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 20 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Birmingham, AL / 850 miles away from McAllen, TX

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (20 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM3TCBAY8P0659191
    Stock: 2003788190
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-16-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 24,364 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 6 Seats, 20 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Buffalo, NY / 1,587 miles away from McAllen, TX

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (20 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM3TCBDY5N0619532
    Stock: 2003750801
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-30-2025

    • 46,192 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 20 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Greenway Mazda (291 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Houston, TX / 291 miles away from McAllen, TX

    20/26 City/Highway MPG 2023 Mazda CX-9 Touring Plus Certified. NAVIGATION SYSTEM, LEATHER, PANORAMIC SUNROOF, BLIND SPOT INDICATOR, BLUETOOTH, 3RD ROW...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (20 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM3TCBAY4P0658944
    Stock: P0658944
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 05-28-2025

  • New Listing
    • 72,893 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 20 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Spokane, WA / 1,813 miles away from McAllen, TX

    CarFax 1-Owner,Rare Find,3rd Row Seat,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Heated Seats,Keyless Start,Lane Keeping A...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (20 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM3TCBAY9N0620025
    Stock: N0620025B
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    Stock photo**
    • 41,735 miles
    • 7 Seats, 20 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Douglass Nissan of Waco (372 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Waco, TX / 372 miles away from McAllen, TX

    Certified. This 2023 Mazda CX-9 Grand Touring in Machine Gray Metallic comes with the following features: 2.5L 4-Cylinder 6-Speed Automatic AWD Mazda ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (20 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM3TCBDY8P0630236
    Stock: M1629AB
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-21-2025

Showing 610 - 630 out of 631 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Mazda CX-9

Read recent reviews for the Mazda CX-9
Overall Consumer Rating
4.4 out of 5 stars47 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 47 reviews
  • 5 star
    (70%)
  • 4 star
    (17%)
  • 3 star
    (9%)
  • 2 star
    (2%)
  • 1 star
    (2%)
4.63 out of 5 stars

Best AWD Crossover

greenmtneer, 07/05/2011
2011 Mazda CX-9 Touring 4dr SUV AWD (3.7L 6cyl 6A)
After extensive research and test driving, we selected the CX-9. Based upon reviews, and experience with friends' cars, we narrowed it down to the Highlander and the CX-9. Previously we had a Ford Explorer, and opted to not consider Ford due to the problems we had with that vehicle. GM and Honda were eliminated due to the price point (Toyota and Mazda clearly offer more value.) In the … end, the Mazda won out due to its handling, and its interior space. We test drove the CX-9 and Highlander back to back, and the difference in handling curves was remarkable. We also checked out the Audi Q7. We felt that the Mazda compared favorably to the Audi in all aspects, and is priced $20k less.
Report abuse

Used 2023 Mazda CX-9 in McAllen, TX Values

Estimated values
2023 Mazda CX-9 Carbon Edition 4dr SUV AWD (2.5L 4cyl Turbo 6A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$24,788$26,134$27,650
Clean$24,478$25,780$27,246
Average$23,960$25,188$26,572
Rough$23,287$24,419$25,695

The average list price of a used 2023 Mazda CX-9 in McAllen, Texas is $29,103. The average mileage on a used Mazda CX-9 2023 for sale in McAllen, Texas is 46,414. Based on the average mileage of 46,414 for used 2023 Mazda CX-9 for sale in McAllen, TX and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Mazda CX-9 2023 in McAllen, Texas to be $23,960.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Location

Search radius500 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.