Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
608 listings
    • 100,801 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, rental vehicle
    • 5'1” bed, 2.3l, 4cyl
    • Kendall Value Lot (424 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Nampa, ID / 424 miles away from Billings, MT

    4WD, 3.73 Axle Ratio, 4-Wheel Disc Brakes, 6 Speakers, ABS brakes, Air Conditioning, Alloy wheels, AM/FM radio: SiriusXM, AM/FM Stereo, Auto High-beam...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FTER4FH5LLA21333
    Stock: D152625B
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-30-2025

    • 132,879 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 6'0” bed, 2.3l, 4cyl
    • Ace Auto Sales ID (408 mi away)
    • 6ft Bed
    • Standard Cab
    Close

    Located in Boise, ID / 408 miles away from Billings, MT

    Introducing the rugged and reliable 2004 Ford Ranger XL! This classic truck boasts a spacious and comfortable interior, perfect for long drives or tou...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (21 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FTYR10D54PB14980
    Stock: B14980
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-08-2024

  • Price Drop
    $20,495
    great price
    $4,048 below market
    • 100,309 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5'1” bed, 2.3l, 4cyl
    • AUTOMAXX (415 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Orem, UT / 415 miles away from Billings, MT

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FTER4FH5KLA22934
    Stock: 32013
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-15-2025

  • Price Drop
    $24,200
    great price
    $3,978 below market
    • 59,855 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5'1” bed, 2.3l, 4cyl
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Roseburg, OR / 748 miles away from Billings, MT

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,Rare Find,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Brake Assist,Lane Keeping Assist,Remote Start,Turbo/Supercharged,WiFi Hotspot...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FTER4FH4KLA23735
    Stock: 29170B
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes

  • Price Drop
    $44,489
    great price
    $3,792 below market
    • 7,891 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 4'12” bed, 2.3l, 4cyl
    • Corwin Ford Nampa (421 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Nampa, ID / 421 miles away from Billings, MT

    Our Certified, One Owner 2024 Ford Ranger Lariat SuperCrew 4X4 with the FX4 Off-Road Pack combines modern muscle and smart technology in Velocity Blue...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FTER4KH2RLE14625
    Stock: 2E14625
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 05-09-2025

    • 101,492 miles
    • 1 accident, 5 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 6'0” bed, 4l, 6cyl
    • Magic City Motors (2 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • 6ft Bed
    • Extended Cab
    • 5000lb Towing Capaci...
    Close

    Located in Billings, MT / 2 miles away from Billings, MT

    Visit Magic City Motors online at magiccitymotorsmt.com to see more pictures of this vehicle or call us at 4**-2**-2*** today to schedule your te...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    15 Combined MPG (14 City/17 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FTYR15E54PA62901
    Stock: 03310
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-08-2025

  • $21,697
    great price
    $3,362 below market
    • 119,826 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5'1” bed, 2.3l, 4cyl
    • Auto Resource (2 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Billings, MT / 2 miles away from Billings, MT

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FTER4FH6KLA05835
    Stock: CC6429
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 12-02-2024

  • Price Drop
    $24,990
    great price
    $3,390 below market
    • 57,632 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5'1” bed, 2.3l, 4cyl
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Roseburg, OR / 748 miles away from Billings, MT

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,Rare Find,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Brake Assist,Lane Keeping Assist,Remote Start,Turbo/Supercharged,WiFi Hotspot...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FTER4FH8KLA51358
    Stock: 29160B
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes

  • Price Drop
    $39,000
    great price
    $3,076 below market
    • 2,553 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 4'12” bed, 2.3l, 4cyl
    • Larry H Miller Ford Draper (402 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Draper, UT / 402 miles away from Billings, MT

    CARFAX One-Owner.Priced below KBB Fair Purchase Price!Odometer is 2984 miles below market average!2024 Ford Ranger XLTCertified.Call (801) 563-4011 to...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FTER4HH1RLE70871
    Stock: SFLL242757A
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 04-30-2025

  • New Listing
    $22,955
    great price
    $3,405 below market
    • 90,000 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5'1” bed, 2.3l, 4cyl
    • Auto Acres (2 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Billings, MT / 2 miles away from Billings, MT

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FTER4FH1KLA31968
    Stock: 8630
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 12-24-2024

  • $30,980
    great price
    $3,587 below market
    • 29,660 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5'1” bed, 2.3l, 4cyl
    • Kalispell Ford (321 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Kalispell, MT / 321 miles away from Billings, MT

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FTER4FH6KLA21128
    Stock: 25PF192
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 04-04-2025

  • New Listing
    $4,800
    great price
    $1,938 below market
    • 182,478 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5'12” bed, 4l, 6cyl
    • Ortega's Used Trucks & Vans (457 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • 6ft Bed
    • Extended Cab
    • 5000lb Towing Capaci...
    Close

    Located in Denver, CO / 457 miles away from Billings, MT

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    15 Combined MPG (14 City/17 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FTZR45E03PA81506
    Stock: 3PA81506
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-30-2025

  • $22,891
    great price
    $2,841 below market
    • 99,838 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5'1” bed, 2.3l, 4cyl
    • GMC of Billings (6 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Billings, MT / 6 miles away from Billings, MT

    Summary**We have taken reasonable efforts to ensure display of accurate data; however, the information shown may contain errors and omissions, may not...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FTER4FH7KLA08999
    Stock: A08999TG
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-09-2025

  • New Listing
    $29,499
    great price
    $3,584 below market
    • 37,975 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5'1” bed, 2.3l, 4cyl
    • Mercedes-Benz Of Denver (459 mi away)
    • Five Star Dealer
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Denver, CO / 459 miles away from Billings, MT

    BLACK APPEARANCE PACKAGE, TOW PACKAGE, SPORT APPEARANCE PACKAGE, OFF-ROAD PACKAGE, 4WD, Blind Spot Monitor, Cross-Traffic Alert, Lane Departure Warnin...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FTER4FH2MLD38066
    Stock: TMLD38066
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-09-2025

  • Price Drop
    $29,998
    great price
    $3,334 below market
    • 40,440 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5'1” bed, 2.3l, 4cyl
    • AutoNation Subaru Spokane (434 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Spokane Valley, WA / 434 miles away from Billings, MT

    Equipment Group 301A MidFx4 Off-Road PackageCyber Orange Metallic Tricoat5" Rectangular Black Running BoardsGray Pixelated GraphicsBed Utility Pa...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FTER4FH0NLD05455
    Stock: NLD05455
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-11-2025

  • Price Drop
    $25,595
    great price
    $4,245 below market
    • 52,571 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5'1” bed, 2.3l, 4cyl
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Troy, MI / 1,269 miles away from Billings, MT

    Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Heated Seats,Lane Keeping Assist,Remote Start,Satellite Radio,Tow Hitch,Turbo/Supercharged,Wi...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FTER4FH0KLA08777
    Stock: KLA08777T
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $20,995
    great price
    $2,212 below market
    • 119,625 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5'1” bed, 2.3l, 4cyl
    • TT Auto Sales (410 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Boise, ID / 410 miles away from Billings, MT

    4x4, Automatic, Heated Leather Seats, Keyless Entry, Push Button Start, Navigation, Backup Camera, Bluetooth, SiriusXM

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FTER4FH4KLA10712
    Stock: A10712
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-20-2025

  • Price Drop
    $24,995
    great price
    $2,542 below market
    • 75,334 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5'1” bed, 2.3l, 4cyl
    • Velocity Auto Sales (403 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Draper, UT / 403 miles away from Billings, MT

    Velocity Auto Sales is UTAH S USED CAR GIANT - the premier destination for pre-owned vehicles! We strive to provide the perfect car-buying experience ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FTER4FH0KLA75931
    Stock: E0274
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 12-12-2024

  • New Listing
    Stock photo**
    $24,988
    great price
    $3,277 below market
    • 63,268 miles
    • 5'1” bed, 2.3l, 4cyl
    • Red Rock Ford (279 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Williston, ND / 279 miles away from Billings, MT

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FTER4FH1KLA13275
    Stock: P2180
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-04-2025

  • $39,479
    good price
    $1,781 below market
    • 1,620 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 4'12” bed, 2.3l, 4cyl
    • Kendall Ford Meridian (416 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Meridian, ID / 416 miles away from Billings, MT

    Priced below KBB Fair Purchase Price! CARFAX One-Owner. Certified. Ford Blue Certified Certified, 4WD, 12" Display in Center Stack, 3.73 Axle Ratio, 4...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FTER4HH2RLE02949
    Stock: RN33771A
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 04-16-2025

  • $40,479
    fair price
    $216 below market
    • 7,572 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 4'12” bed, 2.3l, 4cyl
    • Kendall Ford Meridian (416 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Meridian, ID / 416 miles away from Billings, MT

    Priced below KBB Fair Purchase Price! CARFAX One-Owner. Certified. Ford Blue Certified Certified, 4WD, 12" Display in Center Stack, 3.73 Axle Ratio, 4...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FTER4HH0RLE12069
    Stock: RTS7109
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 04-23-2025

Showing 85 - 105 out of 608 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Ford Ranger

Read recent reviews for the Ford Ranger
Overall Consumer Rating
4.8 out of 5 stars26 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 26 reviews
  • 5 star
    (85%)
  • 4 star
    (15%)
  • 3 star
    (0%)
  • 2 star
    (0%)
  • 1 star
    (0%)
4.75 out of 5 stars

Keep on trucking!

crimsoncoasty1, 07/01/2015
2011 Ford Ranger SPORT 4dr SuperCab 4WD Styleside SB (4.0L 6cyl 5M)
This is my second Ranger and I love it. I'm a Ford guy and had a 2007 King Ranch F-150 with all the bells and whistles and it was time to get back to the basics. I owned a 96 Ranger Sport V6 and missed my "little" red truck. The reliability, compact workhorse is all I ever needed. The gas mileage is better compared to the V8 Triton and its nimbleness is perfect to whip it anywhere I … want. The 4x4 keeps me out of jambs and the upkeep is easy compared to Abilene Kimg Ranch leather. I love it!
Report abuse

Used 2020 Ford Ranger in Billings, MT Values

Estimated values
2020 Ford Ranger Lariat 4dr Crew Cab 4WD SB (2.3L 4cyl Turbo 10A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$23,271$25,398$27,453
Clean$22,845$24,911$26,902
Average$22,136$24,099$25,985
Rough$21,213$23,044$24,792

The average list price of a used 2020 Ford Ranger in Billings, Montana is $25,858. The average mileage on a used Ford Ranger 2020 for sale in Billings, Montana is 70,649. Based on the average mileage of 70,649 for used 2020 Ford Ranger for sale in Billings, MT and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Ford Ranger 2020 in Billings, Montana to be $22,136.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius500 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Trim

Truck Details

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.